Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Macroeconomics - Essay Example capacity of the economy is additionally alluded to as all out gracefully of the economy as shows the all out flexibly of products and ventures that the organizations are eager to flexibly at given value levels. It additionally shows the limit of the organizations of the economy and the way that the organizations can gracefully the economy with the proper degree of products and enterprises so as to fulfill the requests of the economy. Total flexibly bends are made based on long and transient which delineates the all out gracefully capacity of the organizations of the economy both in the long haul and in the present moment for the economy. There can be a few moves in the total gracefully bend for the economy which can be ascribed to number of various elements and factors influencing the economy. These components can be numerous some of which might be the adjustment in the size and nature of work, the negligible truth that the work size has changed that is increasingly more work is accessible to the organizations for the creation of their products and ventures or that the work which is now accessible to the economy has increased an ever increasing number of abilities because of which it has gotten simpler to deliver more for the economy. Different components can be the adjustment in innovation or it tends to be said that the mechanical developments can cause a move in the total gracefully bend of the economy. Â Inc rease in compensation, increment underway costs, changes in maker charges and endowments, and changes in expansion can likewise be a portion of the driving elements in the moving of the total flexibly bend for the economy. Various schools of musings have various perspectives on financial aspects and in this manner they have various methodologies towards the deciding of total flexibly of the economy that will be made to the economy. Totals gracefully is the capacity of total accessibility of work and different assets in the given timeframe and the value levels for the creation of those merchandise and enterprises that give the total flexibly of those products and ventures to the

4 Reasons Not To Get That Masters in Data Science

4 Reasons Not To Get That Masters in Data Science Are you wondering whether it is a noble idea to take a Masters in Data Science?If yes, then you are probably turning every page in university publications looking for more insight on this course.Data Science has been proven to be of a significant role for obtaining success in conquering consumer markets.It is due to the utilization of available business data, that enterprises can assess the market needs, trends and even predict events likely to happen in the future.With the ever-changing market nature, companies have re-strategized, or instead are planning (for those that have not changed over) to give a shot to big data and data analytics in their operations.As a result, there has been an influx of demand for data scientists in the labor market.WHAT DOES DATA SCIENCE ENTAIL?Data Science is not a rocket science.It is a blend of both statistics and computer science that is designed to equip learners with problem-solving skills that in the long run enable them to make appropriate and i nformed decisions.You need to have mastered the art of numbers and be proficient in computing, such as programming and database management garnished with some interpersonal skills.You can learn all of that through an intense full-time program pursuing a Masters in Data Science and becoming a qualified Data Scientist. But whether that is the only way to achieve that, you can evaluate for yourself after you finish reading this article.A study by Burtch Works 2015 alluded that 88% of companies that require big data specialists are looking for candidates who have pursued post-graduate studies.This means that those who have Masters in Data Science have higher chances to be selected than those who only have a degree in Statistics or Computer Science.However, don’t take this for granted read further and learn.A data Scientist works closely with almost all departments in the institution with an aim to collect data, collate it and analyze it.Upon analysis, they conclude and disseminate us eful information to the appropriate teams for actions.They literary drive the institutions thinking. It will be such a great chance to exercise a leadership role as you shape opinions and decisions made at your workplace. Graduates of this course can fit well not only as a data scientist, which is a general term but also as a data analyst who purposively goes into a fact-finding mission with a hypothesis about the company’s product or even the customer’s feedback and mint relevant information, tests the theories associated and make recommendations.They also work in collaboration with the administration as monitoring and evaluation officers or even as a data specialist who helps inform on the progress of the institution.As dreamy and attractive as it looks, be keen to note the flaws related to Data Science Master’s Degree so that you can in a position to weigh the advantages against the shortcomings before you can indulge in erroneous career assertions.It may not be fun to make a mistake that involves wastage of your limited resources such as time and money.Study the following four reasons for why not enrolling in a Master of Data Science before you decide to walk back to class.REASON 1: YOU CAN GET YOUR DREAM DATA SCIENTIST JOB EVEN WITHOUT A MASTERS IN DATA SCIENCETo acquire your data analytical skills, you do not have to seat in a conventional classroom.You have been learning mathematics and IT since you were in elementary school and all through your bachelor studies, so you have already acquired some knowledge and skills in statistics and computing.Then why do you need to waste at least $40,000 reinventing the wheel, yet you have the motor?Firstly, the content tackled at the master’s level is similar to the one that was learned in the basic degree level. You dont expect the statistical concept such as Chi-Square test or the techniques of Java Scripting to change just because they are acquired at the master’s level.The only things that may change a re the examples and complexity of the sums.The rest will be focused on exposing the learner to more complicated setups of statistical theories and manipulations.Education professionals will advise those repeating ideas over and over again that despite the fact that it may help in enhancing their memorization, it can have its share of adverse effects.For instance, the learners may have over-confidence and may lose interest in the subject being taught which will consequently lead to poor performance.Monotony will also be unavoidable when re-reading and can cause boredom.Secondly, for you to successfully pursue a second degree related to data science, you will require at least a whole year or so away from your regular work, so you can concentrate on your studies through the full-time program.This would mean that you will spend a whole year without your regular income.Let us do a quick tally.What can be achieved in a year?You can make enough to buy a new car, take the vacation you have anticipated for so long, or even earn enough to put down a deposit for your first house â€" too much can be ticked off your wish list.Besides that, this time can be used to make you a better-skilled employee, to sharpen your skills or even if you are the kind who want to add more papers to your resume, you could pursue a different field of specialization altogether.It is during this period that as you earn more experience in the field can get mentorship from gurus in your area or even enroll an online class to fine-tune the skills you already have.You will be surprised that some of these database management skills are better learned at your own pace from YouTube, online courses, and offline libraries.What shall be left to be worked on is incorporating the technical skills with a few interpersonal skills and there you are a super data specialist.Communication and problem-solving skills among others are competencies that you have garnered all through your life.You will require those c ompetencies to not only help you to identify existing problems but also to use the knowledge and wisdom you must solve these problems.It is also one thing to get the information on how to settle a threatening peril to the institution, and it is another to pass that information to relevant authorities who can facilitate action.You will, therefore, need skills that will enable you to communicate your findings and (or) recommendations to the right persons efficiently.So, if you are ready to invest time in expanding the education you already have then you can do this without investing your money as well.REASON 2: THERE MIGHT BE A FUNDAMENTAL COURSE GAPJust like you cannot climb a ladder from the top, it is equally impossible to build on the knowledge you don’t have.Have you ever imagined what would be the outcome if your teacher came introducing the multiplication concept in mathematics while you dont understand the different numerals?The learners may not acquire the knowledge they we re set to learn, and the teaching objectives will most likely not be met.It is also true that it can be almost impossible to pick a study subject if you do not know the pre-requisite subjects of study.Unfortunately, this information might not be readily available when you are making the application to the program.Most institutions of higher learning are busy trying to add numbers to their flock.They will use marketers who when approaching you with convincing details about the entry criteria for this course may not mind your abilities.Some are ignorant of the fact that learners have different capabilities.In fact, rarely will a marketing agent or an advertiser enlighten you on the specific details entailed. General and non-committal terms are always on their lips.Phrases like “basic computing” or “basic knowledge in mathematics” will rarely be explained to you as to what level of knowledge is “basic”.Boaler Jo in her studies concluded that different learners have differen t thinking and strengths when it comes to STEM subjects.If you are the kind of students who are afraid of numerals, this course may be problematic to you. You will require not only knowledge of mathematics but also statistical tools and systems.You will be using computer technology in the analysis, so you will also be expected to have mastered this skill manually.Formulas never change.What changes is how they are put into use, whether in a manual or digital setup.You indeed will use programming skills and web designing to some extent not forgetting the domain language.Therefore, without prior knowledge in these areas, starting a Masters in Data Science will not make much sense.REASON 3: LOW RETURN ON INVESTMENTJust as Nielsen Global Survey of Education Aspirations revealed in their study, most people are pursuing higher education studies to get a better opportunity for job and salary advancement.In that regard, you are not an exception from this.You must have also ventured into data science in the first place due to the attractive employee’s benefits and incentives associated with these career paths.Burtch works in his survey describes that Data Specialists are earning 14% more than the traditional predictive analytics managers.It has even been rumored that some members of this cadre smile all the way to the bank with slips worth more than $200,000 from their employers.Sounds interesting, right?But how authentic is this information?If you examine carefully, it will perplex you to know that this is an exaggeration of the ideal situation.If you follow the survey that was conducted by PayScale, you will learn that all factors held constant, the average pay of a Data Scientist per year is $91,000 with the lowest paid personnel in this field earning at least $62,000 while the highest pocketing not more than $130,000.Having done a master’s degree, you should be expecting a more handsome pay that the one stated above.You will have lost a year or two in class, sac rificed your social system and the luxuries that abound to it just to pay tuition fee yet get awarded in a manner that is not satisfactory.Furthermore, you shall not have earned income over those days you will absent yourself at work.Before committing to take this course, you need to re-consider your motivator, and if it is plainly pegged on the financial benefits and incentives, you will have to consider a class that you will get value for your money.It is also essential to evaluate the employers expected behavior. Once you graduate and get your academic papers in your hands, you are likely to re-negotiate higher terms of compensation.Remember, most employers aim at reducing their expenses and maximizing the profit.So, instead of adding you to the payroll, most will prefer splitting the roles you have played amongst IT experts, data miners, and statisticians who already exist who are not likely to request a pay-rise.Consequently, you are likely to lose even the little chance to wor k in the company you have always desired.REASON 4:   YOU DON’T HAVE A JOB YET â€" GET ONE FIRST!Are you an unemployed bachelor graduate?Then look for a job post first, and later you can apply for your masters. A career path is not cast on a stone.While others study as their eyes are on the goal they hope to achieve, most have no clue where they will end up after they graduate.Job search is not fun â€" you walk from job interview to job interview just to get rejections or no response at all.Instead of this experience, some give up on the graduate job search and tend to substitute it for further education.These are the graduates who fail to understand that failure to act on the existing problem only postpones the problem.At the end of the study duration, they will still be jobless and rarely will the hiring manager want to gamble with an inexperienced candidate.More so, these graduates believe that jumping into further studies will give them a better chance over those without a mast er’s degree.And yes â€" somewhat this theory is correct, but it may not always work for you.Most times work experience provides leverage too.Now that you already have acquired those desirable traits and skills in your undergraduate studies, you need to put them to use or you will forget them.Skills in technical fields such as computing and statistics if not practiced may be unlearnt.If you sincerely have faced shortcomings securing a job, better start at an apprenticeship level. You can quickly get an opportunity to work as an intern or a volunteer where after you have gained perfection on the skills in questions, you shall be able to work independently and with efficacy.As you know it is a plus to your experience: this may get you some job eventually.As you work, you shall be able to recognize your weaknesses and strengths: areas you are good at shall be magnified; while those that require you to put more effort to achieve excellence shall be noted.Networking with peers will be u navoidable.Look at it this way: you will get a fair chance to meet people who have had more experience and training, who can nurture your skills and help you harness them.These people may share not only their jokes but also the challenges they have had to face in the career path and how they conquered these challenges successfully. And who knows, this will help you solve similar problems that you may encounter in the future.This exchange of ideas will help nurture and grow your experience. Free mentoring will come your way, and undoubtedly you shall be able to consult others as you practice your craft.Do not rationalize the idea of going back to class after making only two or three job applications unsuccessfully.Be keen to observe how employable you are and get the experience and mindset you need to enroll in studies at a post-graduate level but as a part-time student.With this arrangement, you can study as well as earn a living concurrently.DATA SCIENCE SKILL SETTo be fair enough, pursuing higher education can be such a life-fulfilling experience. One that will give you the sense of achievement and for some, it will massage their ego.Nevertheless, it is not an experience you walk to blindly.Below are competency areas you require to fine tune to achieve your dream of becoming a spectacular data specialist.Technical skill setData analysis and statistical skills are a must for any data scientist â€" starting from simple manipulations such as the measures of central tendency and those of dispersion all the way to predictive statistics and analytics where you evaluate the odds and various probability ratios.You need to be good at data collection, data processing, interpreting and even presenting the findings from the data.Remember this is what shall be your selling point as the company wants you to be able to aid in making a sound judgment.Do not stop at just manual calculations; it will help if you know how to do it electronically. You should be able to mint or even perform data logging using the various statistical concepts.For experts, you would agree despite the difference in the names of the software and systems, they all can be traced back to a familiar root concept.These tutorials are available online on websites such as YouTube, Udemy and others, find them. They are free.It is advisable also to take an interest in database management systems.If you have ever been into computing, you know the drill. Make arrangements to learn what you are not sure in â€" regardless if that is related to database management system or the querying languages such as MySQL. Do not confuse programming skills and data management skill; you need to be good at languages such as R and Python. It is also of importance to beef up multivariable calculus and linear algebra. This will ensure you are sharp enough to make consistent yet right predictions.Do not ignore the visualization tools for they are significant when it comes to data presentation.You will also n ot go wrong if you make yourself familiar with Methods such as k-Nearest neighbors, random forest and other approaches used in machine learning.This will be instrumental as you map data that is unprocessed and create another format of it that will be more useful.Other skillsYou are not there yet with possessing only technical skills as outlined aboveâ€" not without other skills such as communication skills and even the ability to craft and (or) introduce new methods to gather, understand and process data into valuable information.Seems easy but communication is an art, it is not complete if the intended message has not been received as it was designed.WHERE CAN YOU GET THE SKILL SET?Apart from attending data science boot camps that are available from time to time, you may consider making the Internet your friend. Not too fast though.In this technological era, it is as easy to get misleading information from the search engines as it is to get authentic information. Make sure you can authenticate the information you hope to use.Assess who has published and if it helps you can do a background check on the author. Be careful not to rush into indoctrinating yourself with information from wikis as most of them contain unverifiable information. You may also explore online libraries like HINARI.Having assessed the above four reasons not to get that Masters in Data Science and the alternatives to it, you may be well placed to make an appropriate decision whether you still want to pursue a Master’s degree in Data Science.Of course, if it is your dream course, and you are passionate about it: go for it!

Ethos Logos Pathos Letter Free Essays

My name is Wayne Shockley fro Round Rock High School in Texas. You gave me a few looks, but once I decide d I would focus on my academics, the scouting stopped. I have now decided to continue to play the game I love under a role model that is a role model. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethos Logos Pathos Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now I play quarterback for a p rimier AAA school. Am currently a Senior graduating in spring 2015. My vitals are: Height : 6’2†³, Weight: 210, 40 yard dash: 4. 45, Bench: 290. My academics are outstanding for my school. Am in the top 10% of my class and I understand concepts quickly. This attribute w ill help with the fact of me leading an offense each play. Tyrone Swoops struggled this season and believe I can help push the program m in the direction it needs to go. I acknowledge the fact that you have another quarter back that will be better prepared, but I have ran your offense since middle school and I am MO re trustworthy than your other option pertaining to academics. I hope you consider coming t o scout me again and looking at me as the future of the program because I know you love winning Eng. How to cite Ethos Logos Pathos Letter, Papers

The sense of culture associated with A Stench of kerosene Essay Example For Students

The sense of culture associated with A Stench of kerosene Essay The meaning of this quote is asking Manak to ask her father if he wishes for marriage as it is the culture for the parents to agree before the marriage takes place. As associated with this it was customary to settle the bride price before the wedding which is almost an essential part of the marriage for the dowry to be given to the wife by the groom. However in relation to this the dowry is taken advantage of in the form of a relatively substantial amount and it is usually villagers who take advantage of this in a profitable manner. We will write a custom essay on The sense of culture associated with A Stench of kerosene specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now On purpose the author mentions bride price and not dowry to emphasise the fact that Guleri is being sold. As Guleri father was prosperous and had lived in cities, he had sworn that he would not take money for his daughter but would give her to a worthy young man from a good family. He felt that Manak fulfilled these requirements, so soon after they married. Now happily married, Manak deep in memories having Guleris hand on his shoulder. As Guleri got up to leave, she said do you know the bluebell wood a couple of miles away from here? Its said that anyone who goes through it becomes deaf. So the customs of this part of the world just shows the element of superstition that they embrace within themselves as illustrated above. When Manak returned home the sound of his voice was heavy. Why do you croak like an old woman? Said his mother severely. Manak wanted to retort but he remained silent. This goes to show the strong values and utmost respect that the children hold for their parents even though Manak was slightly insulted he managed to stay silent and keep his cool and this civilised behaviour shows the extensive powerful morals which are held in this part of the world. As Guleri and Manak have been married for seven years without any children, Manaks mother had made a secret resolve that she would not let it go beyond the eighth year. This goes to show that if a woman doesnt produce any offspring then she doesnt hold any values and it shows how keen Manaks mother is willing to have a grandson in the family. This year she had paid five hundred rupees to get him a second wife. As Manak was obedient to his mother he brought a new bride just to please his mother however Manaks body responded to the new woman but his heart was dead within him. So it just goes to show that love is there forever and can never be destroyed no matter what occurs. Manaks friend Bhavani says him in the fields one morning, Manak tried to ignore him however this didnt work out the way he hoped. He then heard the words, which will haunt him for the rest of his life Guleri is dead because when she heard of your second marriage, she soaked her clothes in kerosene and set fire to them. Hearing those words pierced through Manaks heart like a needle, Manak mute with pain could only feel his own life burning out. This goes to show that his love for her and her love for him were still very much alive and the traditions of forced marriages which sadly occur in many sub continental countries have devastating affects especially if love is evident between the couple. Guleri burning herself to death symbolises the cultural practise of Sati by which a widow burns herself although this is outlawed in India still exists in rural communities. .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 , .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .postImageUrl , .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 , .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497:hover , .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497:visited , .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497:active { border:0!important; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497:active , .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497 .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u788c7261a2c743008be1b5446501e497:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Probability Theory Statistics EssayAlthough Guleri was technically not a widow her husband was as good as dead to her and being a rejected bride unable to produce children her life in Hindu culture was now meaningless. As the days passed his work was done on the fields and ate his meals when they were given to him. But he was like a dead man, his face blank, his eyes empty. As this marriage was purely to fulfil his mothers desires the love was not there and his wife said, I am not his wife, complained his second wife. Im just someone he happened to marry. This also goes to show that Manak loved Guleri but he couldnt go against the wishes of his mother this is because of the culture. Soon after Manaks wife was pregnant and his mothers dreams had been fulfilled, but Manaks life had been shattered. The baby was placed into his lap, Manak stared at the new-born babe in his lap he stared a long time, uncomprehending ,his face usual expressionless. Then suddenly his blank eyes filled with horror and Manak began to scream. take him away! he shrieked hysterically , take him away! He stinks of kerosene. It goes to show that forced marriages, which occur in many countries in the subcontinent have devastating affects as is implied by the story. It is very sad that a love marriage is broken up due to the fulfilment of others, which leads to death and shattered lives. This story clearly conveys the message to the readers the differences in culture between West and the East and also shows the different roles of each person and how the role of parents influences the lives of people in this part of the world.

The Cold Blood and The Outsider

The Cold Blood and The Outsider The Cold Blood and The Outsider Introduction Writers of novels intend to create notable understanding about matters that are important to them or to their views as an individual. It could not be denied that somehow, this truth is defined through the creation of improved facts that are presented by writers through the artistic use of words and sentences that direct the readers towards the main message that they are intending to create and send to their target audience. Basically, the writers pick their topics, create their themes and manage the plot according to what they actually want to portray through the stories. In this discussion, an analysis of two stories that denotes the creation of scenarios based on fiction and true events in life shall be handled in an aim of showing how the said story authors intended to make a good sense of what they know and put matters into perfect writing that could insist on the possibility of making implicative notes on how the readers could be able to see the deeper meaning of each presentation that they make through the plot. Along with this, considering that both the readings being analyzed are based on criminal themes, the psychoanalytic criticism shall also be given attention to in connection with the issue being considered as the main focus of the writers in assuming the position of their characters in facing the difficulties of living and making a good sense out of the most important creation of their bein g. About the Outsider The Outsider which was authored by Albert Camus uses a character that is able to withstand human emotions. The character was noted to be an existentialist, is posed as someone who is not bothered of the past and cares only about whats present. It could be noted that within this story, an indicative understanding of what a person cares about and what he does not care about fills the personality that he has towards the others. It seemed like as if Camus intended to present human living to be a careless state of understanding that simply relates to the need of making mandating considerations away from the current emotional standing of a person. The idea is that the process of thinking dictates the way one reacts to the things that he has done or would be doing still. With the use of creative presentation of the plot and the standing of the main character in reacting to the current situations that he has been under from his past towards the events that he is dealing with at present, the author was able to separate the understanding of the main character towards his emotional decisions at present which are not in any way related to the ways by which he reacted before in connection with the same situation. Making a great deal of what a person thinks and how one reacts to the different situations in life makes this story a read that presents a more in depth relation to how humans sometimes respond to crime due to the lesser care that they have on what has happened in the past and how those past events could still be fixed through doing good today. What has been done has been done; yes, some individuals who are careless about the consequences of what they are doing and how these could affect the future are usually the ones who are less able to manifest any reprimand on themselves when they are asked to look back to their past and simply create solutions to the wrong doings that they may have incurred before. About the Story In Cold Blood Based on real events that happened in the mid n1960s, it could not be denied that the setting of the story is presented in a way that the society lived their lives before. The event taken into account within this story is the murder case that involves two criminals and the whole family that they targeted even when they were still in prison. The author presented the situation in a manner that introduced a major consideration on how the role of the major character has been released for understanding on the part of the readers. This story practically evolved on the occurrence of a murder that the two main characters have been involved with. However, instead of creating a mystery presentation, the narration intended to show the different reasons behind the occurrence of matters. It could not be denied that it is because of this that the story explains better understanding of the sources of the crime than simply stating how the crime happened. Through a psychological presentation on the relationship that the main characters have between each other, it could be seen how the different operations of identifying why the matters occurred the way they deed explains the reaction of both characters towards the situations that they are facing. Through the presentation of details used in this story, it could be noted how the author managed to show the different elements of crime and how the different positions of criminals have been intended for reader understanding. Likely, through this the author was able to tell the readers of his message in a more convincing and logical presentation of the issues concerned within the plot and the characters that creates the whole event that mandates the different issues that are involved the different situations that are considerably affective on the events that are managed to bring about the explanation of the events. Understanding the Issues of Personality and Growth The level of growth of every individual defines his or her personality. The development that one embraces with regards his or her reaction towards the major situations that he manages to deal with actually show through the way that he responds to the challenges of life. In psychology, this development is considered as the major source of understanding that considers the chance of making a good impact on how one develops personally as an individual who knows how to balance his emotions with his thoughts. On the other hand, there are still those individuals who are less able to make a definite response to the situations that they face. Sometimes, these individuals lack the understanding that they need to be able to turn things around for the betterment of the situation for the sake of the progress of each person. Most of those individuals who are handling the different challenges that life itself presents fail to see the better results of the situations based on the possible outcome of these challenges on their personal lives. Because of the lack of positive approach to dealing with personal issues, these people release their stress and their repercussions in a more negative way due to the lack of logical reasoning that they have towards the situations that they are facing every day. Within the stories being analyzed, it could be noted that the development of the main characters have been practically affected by their past, their personality and their understanding of life. Practically, through this understanding it could be noticed that there are different reactions that are essential for the differential identification of the character of one person based on the procedure of realization that he accepts as he manages to consider the different manifestation of learning with regards the experiences that they have probably met with in life. Through these lessons learnt, it could be noticed that they are able to develop an understanding of their position as they try their best to become the person that they want to be as they deal with their present issues. However, when negativity and lack of understanding is given particular attention to, it could not be denied that negative results could also be expected. This is especially true when the analysis on the major issues surrounding the characters of the past two stories examined herein is concerned. In the following section of this discussion, an understanding of the different psychoanalytic principles that had been used by the authors within the story shall be given attention herein. The Involvement of Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism involves the identification of the psychological consideration that the story tellers take into account to describe the personality of their characters and the process by which they handle the most important issues in their life as part of their development. Believably, with the consideration of the standing that they have in connection with their past actions and how they are supposed to handle the same challenges at present. On the first story considering Meursault, it could be noticed that his character was defined to have some differential understanding of the past and how these events in his life affects his current realization of matters. It could be noted then that somehow, through this Mersault was seen to have a lesser concern on how his past acts affected the people who were living around him. Hence, he never learns from these experiences and then tends to repeat these acts in his current systems of dealing with matters. On the other hand, the two criminals in the story The Cold Blood, responded to their partners actions based on the relationship that they have shared in the past. In the same place, both individuals used their emotional relationship as key reasons to push their partner towards doing what they think should be done. The effect of each on the other created the circumstances that they have been involved with in connection with the development of the case. Truthfully, it is through this that the different issues on human personality and the reactions that they have towards the circumstances that they need to deal with everyday. Practically, it could be observed that they have based their consideration in the current push of their emotions and less attention towards the current situations that they are dealing with. With this lesser care given to the consequences of their acts, it could be managed and well understood that somehow, the characters were defined perfectly with their personal concern only to the different motivations that pushed them to do what they want to do. In Conclusion Indeed, as the main focus for both the stories discussed within this analysis, human decisions and actions are dominantly based on the psychological standing and the emotional background of each individual. Though other people expresses objection to the action of some, their decision is likewise based on the psychological background and personality cultivated to their personal exploration in life. In the same context, the development and the exposed environment bring about and significantly affect the holistic judgment standard and personality complex of every individual making their present actions as mere results of said concept. In further discussion, the present action of every person can also be identified as the physical repercussion of their previous activity and psychological exposure in life cultivating the current state of what they can be perceived in. Like the characters explored in both stories discussed herein, the rationale for their actions lies dominantly on their psychological background and personal identity bringing forth the individuals who are capable of committing such events and catalysts for the resulting situation of the stories. In line with these matters, both the stories of The Outsider and The Cold Blood are effective explorative novels of such humanistic view of human judgment and action. The deeds committed by the main characters vividly explored and presented in both stories are products of their respective psychological characteristics influenced by their personal background, activities, and emotional factors they are exposed with. With the cultivation of these ingredients and the triggering event in present, they reached in through such decisions and performed such actions wherein they themselves are held accountable. Indeed, the only rationale and justification that could be given for every individuals action lies dominantly, in accordance to the humanistic view of the society, in the mind of the person reaching as far as their psychological identity, previous actions in life, exposed circumstances, and the emotional they have dealt with and endured in the past. This in its very essence is that factual concept that makes every individual a human being in their own respective standing.

Pakistan History, Culture, Geography and Climate

Pakistan History, Culture, Geography and Climate The nation of Pakistan is still young, but human history in the area reaches back for tens of thousands of years. In recent history, Pakistan has been inextricably linked in the worlds view with the extremist movement of al Qaeda and with the Taliban, based in neighboring Afghanistan. The Pakistani government is in a delicate position, caught between various factions within the country, as well as policy pressures from without. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Islamabad, population 1,889,249 (2012 estimate) Major Cities: Karachi, population 24,205,339Lahore, population 10,052,000Faisalabad, population 4,052,871Rawalpindi, population 3,205,414Hyderabad, population 3,478,357All figures based on 2012 estimates. Pakistani Government Pakistan has a (somewhat fragile) parliamentary democracy. The President is the Head of State, while the Prime Minister is the Head of Government. Prime Minister Mian Nawaz Sharif  and President Mamnoon Hussain were elected in 2013. Elections are held every five years and incumbents are eligible for reelection. Pakistans two-house Parliament (Majlis-e-Shura) is made up of a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. The judicial system is a mix of secular and Islamic courts, including a Supreme Court, provincial courts, and Federal Sharia courts that administer Islamic law. Pakistans secular laws are based on British common law. All citizens over 18 years of age have the vote. Population of Pakistan Pakistans population estimate as of 2015 was 199,085,847, making it the sixth most populous nation on Earth. The largest ethnic group is the Punjabi, with 45 percent of the total population. Other groups include the Pashtun (or Pathan), 15.4 percent; Sindhi, 14.1 percent; Sariaki, 8.4 percent; Urdu, 7.6 percent; Balochi, 3.6 percent; and smaller groups making up the remaining 4.7 percent. The birth rate in Pakistan is relatively high, at 2.7 live births per woman, so the population is expanding rapidly. The literacy rate for adult women is only 46 percent, compared with 70 percent for men. Languages of Pakistan The official language of Pakistan is English, but the national language is Urdu (which is closely related to Hindi). Interestingly, Urdu is not spoken as a native language by any of Pakistans main ethnic groups and was chosen as a neutral option for communication among the various peoples of Pakistan. Punjabi is the native tongue of 48 percent of Pakistanis, with Sindhi at 12 percent, Siraiki at 10 percent, Pashtu at 8 percent, Balochi at 3 percent, and a handful of smaller language groups. Most Pakistan languages belong to the Indo-Aryan language family  and are written in a Perso-Arabic script. Religion in Pakistan An estimated 95-97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim, with the remaining few percentage points made up of small groups of Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, Parsi (Zoroastrians), Buddhists and followers of other faiths. About 85-90 percent of the Muslim population are Sunni Muslims, while 10-15 percent are Shia. Most Pakistani Sunnis belong to the Hanafi branch, or to the Ahle Hadith. Shia sects represented include the Ithna Asharia, the Bohra, and the Ismailis. Geography of Pakistan Pakistan lies at the collision point between the Indian and Asian tectonic plates. As a result, much of the country consists of rugged mountains. The area of Pakistan is 880,940 square km (340,133 square miles). The country shares borders with Afghanistan to the northwest, China to the north, India to the south and east, and Iran to the west. The border with India is subject to dispute, with both nations claiming the mountain regions of Kashmir and Jammu. Pakistans lowest point is its Indian Ocean coast, at sea level. The highest point is K2, the worlds second-tallest mountain, at 8,611 meters (28,251 feet). Climate of Pakistan With the exception of the temperate coastal region, most of Pakistan suffers from seasonal extremes of temperature. From June to September, Pakistan has its monsoon season, with warm weather and heavy rain in some areas. The temperatures drop significantly in December through February, while spring tends to be very warm and dry.   Of course, the Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountain ranges are snowbound for much of the year, due to their high altitudes. Temperatures even at lower elevations may drop below freezing during the winter, while summer highs of 40 °C (104 °F) are not uncommon. The record high is 55 °C (131 °F). Pakistani Economy Pakistan has great economic potential, but it has been hampered by internal political unrest, a lack of foreign investment, and its chronic state of conflict with India. As a result, the per capita GDP is only $5000, and 22 percent of Pakistanis live under the poverty line (2015 estimates). While GDP was growing at 6-8 percent between 2004 and 2007, that slowed to 3.5 percent from 2008 to 2013. Unemployment stands at just 6.5 percent, although that does not necessarily reflect the state of employment as many are underemployed. Pakistan exports labor, textiles, rice, and carpets. It imports oil, petroleum products, machinery, and steel. The Pakistani rupee trades at 101 rupees / $1 US (2015). History of Pakistan The nation of Pakistan is a modern creation, but people have been building great cities in the area for some 5,000 years. Five millennia ago, the Indus Valley Civilization created great urban centers at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both of which are now in Pakistan. The Indus Valley people mixed with Aryans moving in from the north during the second millennium B.C. Combined, these peoples are called the Vedic Culture; they created the epic stories upon which Hinduism is founded. The lowlands of Pakistan were conquered by Darius the Great around 500 B.C. His Achaemenid Empire ruled the area for nearly 200 years. Alexander the Great destroyed the Achaemenids in 334 B.C., establishing Greek rule as far as the Punjab. After Alexanders death 12 years later, the empire was thrown into confusion as his generals divided up the satrapies; a local leader, Chandragupta Maurya, seized the opportunity to return the Punjab to local rule. Nonetheless, Greek and Persian culture continued to exert a strong influence on what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Mauryan Empire later conquered most of South Asia; Chandraguptas grandson, Ashoka the Great, converted to Buddhism in the third century B.C. Another important religious development occurred in the 8th century A.D. when Muslim traders brought their new religion to the Sindh region. Islam became the state religion under the Ghaznavid Dynasty (997-1187 A.D.). A succession of Turkic/Afghan dynasties ruled the region through 1526 when the area was conquered by Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire. Babur was a descendant of Timur (Tamerlane), and his dynasty ruled most of South Asia until 1857 ​when the British took control. After the so-called Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was exiled to Burma by the British. Great Britain had been asserting ever-increasing control through the British East India Company since at least 1757. The British Raj, the time when South Asia fell under direct control by the UK government, lasted until 1947. Muslims in the north of British India, represented by the Muslim League and its leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, objected to joining the independent nation of India after World War II. As a result, the parties agreed to a Partition of India. Hindus and Sikhs would live in India proper, while Muslims got the new nation of Pakistan. Jinnah became the first leader of independent Pakistan. Originally, Pakistan consisted of two separate pieces; the eastern section later became the nation of Bangladesh. Pakistan developed nuclear weapons in the 1980s, confirmed by nuclear tests in 1998. Pakistan has been an ally of the United States in the war on terror. They opposed the Soviets during the Soviet-Afghan war but relations have improved.

Employee Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Benefits - Essay Example This measure may be used effectively as an incentive tool - where managers will be provided with a ten days paid vacation trip (in the form of a package), on condition that he/she has completed two years of service and has been able to successfully achieve target set (both qualitative and quantitative). In ensure full productivity in the highly labor intensive spa industry, it is necessary to provide offs to the employees, which will help them rejuvenate. An implication here may be that the employees may opt for the holidays in unison, and that this may become an issue, especially during festivals. Proper counseling and the mention of an appropriate clause in the contract will ensure that this plan is implemented soundly. The scheme of holidays may be devised as follows: In a bid to be engaged to the Spa, the management may extended benefits like free training to one family member, on condition that the trainee will be absorbed into the organization on the successful completion of the training program. The managers and his/her family members should be provided professional support for working through personal challenges, which can imbalance their working life, such as family problems, financial issues, legal issues and emotional problems.

Cash flow schedule Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cash flow schedule - Assignment Example A cash flow schedule or projection shows the timing of receipts and payments in relation to a business or a project. Table 2 provides a cash flow schedule showing the time when the payments will be made by the contractor for the goods and services described. Only the cash outflow section of the schedule is shown in Table2. It must be noted that the profit and contingency fund element of the cash flow has been included in the Table 2. Contingency funds are monies that are retained or set aside for uncertainties or any changes that may be required after the contract has been awarded (Touran 2003). These changes are essentially delays and other factors that lead to Time and cost overruns which increase the cost of the project (Cook et al 2008; Zayed et al 2013, Fandi and El-Sayegh 2006). Time overruns may be caused by a range of factors associated with various stakeholders in the project - the contractor, the owner, material supplier as well as acts of god (Zayed et al 2013). These can affect the owner’s income generating capacity as the starting date for a business may have to be pushed back to facilitate the completion of the project. It also affects the profitability of the contract and therefore the contractor’s bottom line. A contingency is also a guarantee of either an activity or a project. It is a percentage of the basic contract cost which has been arbitrarily determined (Cook et al 2008). Th e contingency amounts to approximately 11% of the contract cost and is considered fair for the 4 weeks overrun.

Mo Money, Mo Greed & Corruption Essay -- Economics Finance Papers Fi

Mo' Money, Mo' Greed & Corruption The American dream: a spouse, a few children, a lucrative job, a nice home, and of course, some material luxuries. Those who are able to realize this goal have my respect and they should be proud of their accomplishments. However, my beef arises with the very few Americans who greatly surpass this dream. Yes, I mean the multi-millionaires and billionaires of America. The wealthiest one percent of our nation owns half the financial assets and 38 percent of the total wealth. They have more money than the bottom 90 percent combined. The next richest nine percent also have more money than the bottom 90 percent combined. These people are so filthy rich they can literally burn hundred dollar bills and laugh about it. But that's not why I'm upset; that's merely capitalism at work. Capitalism is important because it provides a framework for people to aspire for more. But the downside is that an entirely different class is produced. Although small in numbers, this class of people has an infinite amount of power. I get really upset when I see these people, who are already beyond the definition of rich, committing fraud or perpetuating unfair political policies that keep them and their friends so wealthy. This extreme greed and corruption are the targets of my attack. I interned with Merrill Lynch and Smith Barney/Citigroup over the summer and I soon plan to begin my full-time career on Wall Street as well. When I started reading the Wall Street Journal last spring, I began to notice that every day's headlines included a scandal of some sort. Most people have heard of Enron, a company that inflated financial reports consistently until the "bubble" collapsed, revealing the truth and sending the c... ...al to make sure they stay ahead of the game. This is exactly where my problem arises. While they’re â€Å"playing† this game, millions of Americans are living in poverty. Many people even live on the streets, trying to survive until their next meal. Some rich people have done extraordinary things with their money through philanthropy and charity. I wish that every wealthy American would follow this same path of giving. I would like for this selfish â€Å"game† to finally end. Will it happen anytime soon? I know that it won’t. But I do have the power to control my own actions. I have set high goals for myself with my career and in my life. Coming from a disadvantaged background I know that I will better appreciate whatever wealth I attain. Whether or not I make it to the top one percentile, I am certain that I will never forget the struggles that millions of Americans endure.

Advantage and disadvantage of Budgeting

â€Å"Budgeting is ok in a certain environments but everything changes so quickly that budgeting is a waste of time. It provides no useful purpose and is purely an academic exercise†.â€Å"Traditional budgeting wastes time, distorts decisions, and turns honest managers into schemers. It does not have to be that way- if you are willing to sever the ties between budgets and compensation†.While discussing and making an evaluation of these statements, understanding of advantages and disadvantages of corporate budgeting is very important.This understanding is followed by the perceptive of Budget, its need and its pros and cons (advantage/disadvantage). In such term, raised questions are respectively ‘what is budget’, ‘why budget’ and ‘objective of budget’. (www.tuliptrees.com)Critical Discussion of the StatementWhat is Budget?Budget is taken as the most fundamental and the most effective financial management tool available. Nevertheless , it is an absolute time taking activity if performed correctly. It is also considered as an arduous work. But budgeting is important and beneficial†¦there are many reasons that make budgeting a good deal. (www.tuliptrees.com ) (Journal of Performance Management, 2005 by Nolan, Gregory J)Why Budget?Budget plays a very important role in planning, control and evaluation of operations. It provides a vehicle for translating programs in financial resource programs. (www.awesomelife.com )Advantages of Corporate BudgetingPlanning- It forces organization to plan to the fore and analytically anticipate the future.Maximum managers deal with a very eventful schedule and tough official activities.This prone those to avoid formalized planning unless budgeting is part of their job. If a formal plan of attack is created, it allows managers or individuals to focus on problems before they actually occur. Daily operating interruptions are therefore decreased, due to knowledge of possible problem s; they generally initiate corrective actions, rather than imprudent solutions. (Journal of Performance Management,   2005   by Nolan, Gregory J)Organizing- A proper budgeting places   economic and human resources in the most financially rewarding areas and making managers aware of any scarcity of resources.Controlling- It examines variances from conventional targets (i.e. differences between actual and budgeted) and takes counteractive actions. Actual presentation can be compared against budgeted amounts, giving managers an insight whether operations are meeting expectations or not.If scarcities arise, corrective actions can be implemented to bring the operation back on target. Specific areas can be identified and investigated. (www.methodist.com, www.awesomelife.com )Coordinating- a proper budgeting is very useful in formal harmonization, as it helps system managers of different functions to operate in various directions and to work for the profit of the company.If everybody concerned sticks to the formal plan adopted by a budget, they become aware of where the enterprise is heading and ensures that it stays on track. In a large company, operations are normally divided into different departments and under the accountability of different managers.To attain overall objectives, close coordination of activities is a necessity. The problems that could arise from a lack of coordination are massive. (Budget Basics)When a budget for the overall organization is in place, every department knows where they fit into the overall plan and can be expected to work towards it. Thus budget brings a harmony, which is very important for the growth of any company. (Management Accounting Summer   By David E Stout,   summer2008)Communicating – Budget helps in exchanging information concerning goals, ideas, and achievements. It also grows necessary interaction and develops an awareness of how each of their activities contributes to the firm's overall operation. (Bu dget Basics)Motivating – Corporate budgeting acts as a catalyst for managers of the enterprises and motivates them to work hard. It also helps in maintaining an enthusiastic attitude among them towards their jobs. It can be achieved by realistic goals and the thrill it gives when such goals are met or achieved. (Management Accounting Summer By David E Stout, summer2008)Budgeting PlansThe book ‘Budgeting Basics and Beyond’ says that budgets are prepared in two term plans. One is short term plan is another is called long term plan. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond by Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27,28,29)Short term plan- these plans are typically one year plan. Nevertheless, few plans are for two years and few are just week or month long plans. These plans examine cash flow, expected earning and other expenditures. These plans basically rely on internal information and tactical objectives. Structures of such budget plans are predictable, fixed and persistently determ inable.These are based on strategic plans and concerned with existing markets and products. Short term budget area covers – product, service, department, territory, division, project and functions. These are usually expressed on a departmental basis. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond by Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)It includes sales, manufacturing, marketing, management, research and consolidation plans. Short term planning generally involves lower grade managers in providing inputs. In making of such budget plans, the line manger supervises and includes data in the making of long term budget planning. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)Long Term Planning- This is normally of a broad, tactical nature to accomplish objectives. This plan is usually five to ten years long (even more in few cases) and looks forward for the futuristic up-gradation of the company.This considers economical, political and industrial conditions too. These are formulated by upper management of the organization. They deal with products, markets, services and operation. Long term planning boosts sales, profitability, return on investment and growth of the organization.These plans need constant revision for the input of new information. It covers all major areas of business including manufacturing, marketing, finance, engineering, law, accounting, and personnel. Planning for such areas should be matched into a wide-ranging plan to achieve corporate objectives. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)This is taken as a combination of operating and development plans. This plan should specify ‘whet is the need’, ‘who needs it’ and ‘when it is needed’. Its responsibility should be assigned to segments.Goal of long term planning includes market share, new business areas, new distributive channels, cost reduction, capital maintenance, and risks of cost reduction.Features of a good long term planning include flexibility, motivation, measurability and compatibility. These planning’s are intended for growth of the organization, product development, plant expansion and financing. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp 27, 28, 29)Long term budget planning is believed to be details of accomplishments of strategic plans. It incorporates evaluating alternatives, developing financial information, analyzing activities, allocating resources, manpower planning, finance analysis and production planning.Time period for a long term plan depends on the time required for the product development, life cycle of the product and construction of capital facilities. Long term planning offers more alternatives in the comparison of short term planning.It is more effective when there is greater uncertainty in economy and business environment. Nevertheless, planning of short term budget is easier than long term budget, as a long term budget de als with greater uncertainties. (Budgeting Basics and Beyond By Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel, pp27, 28, 29)

Analysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman - 1041 Words

Research paper for â€Å"Death of a Salesman† In the play â€Å"death of a salesman† by author miller, the dramatist focuses on the theme of â€Å"the American dream†. Lowman, a botched salesman, is the protagonist of the play. Willy is certain that society only has room for winners. In support of this, the play’s theme demonstrates how a victim of â€Å"the American dream† can be destroyed by fabricated promises that will impact not only â€Å"business life but will conflict with personal relationships as well† (Elwell 1).The significance of this theme is still very relevant to many societies today. Therefore, Miller based his play off on his life through the way he suffered and conquered, on his family conflicts, and dreams of success. An insight into miller’s background will afford a variety of his life and accomplishments. Miller was the second child of Isidore and Augusta Miller. â€Å"Arthur Asher Miller was born 17 October 1915 in Manhattan† (clifnotes1). Both of miller’s parents were Jewish immigrants from Poland. Miller’s father, Isidoer, did his greatest to achieve the American dream and possessed a clothing company. â€Å"In October 1929, just a few weeks after Arthur s fourteenth birthday, the stock market crashed† (Thou 1). Having capitalized nearly all his money in the market, the miller’s family had lost their wealth. Furthermore, â€Å"He (miller) graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1932† (Matur 310). After graduating from high school, Miller worked in a warehouse while attending nightShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman 954 Words   |  4 Pages Darrian Dowden AP English IV Death of a Salesman Written Assignment Death of a Salesman Character Analysis 1.Willy Loman. Although the main protagonist of the play, Willy Loman does not come to a certain self-realization. Searching and sifting through his memories (which cannot be completely taken as the truth as he reinvents them in a way to make them out as a golden era) he fails to recognize his slanted reality he’s lived in made up of his delusions. His forged relationship withRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesTheatrical writing is no exception. In the play Death of a Salesman the protagonist is not necessarily the main character. The protagonist in this play is the main character’s son Biff. However, in the play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof it is harder to determine if the protagonist is Brick or Maggie, but I believe Brick is the main protagonist. In the play Dutchman it is quite the opposite and the protagonist, Clay, is very clearly emphasized. These three plays and their respective protagonists are all goodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Pl ay Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1612 Words   |  7 Pages Selling More Than Just Merchandise The play, Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller explores topics that are parallel to the lives of the common man. This makes his play relevant during many different eras, as the central issues discussed correlate with struggles of everyday common people, no matter at what point in history the play is shown. This makes his play very versatile in nature as it can be shown throughout the decades. His play can be considered a classic story; one that cannot be forgottenRead MoreWilly from Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Abandoned and Flawed798 Words   |  4 Pages The dramatic play Death of a Salesman, composed by Arthur Miller in 1949 portrays the hours leading up to Willy Loman’s death. Willy is a sixty-year-old salesman living in Brooklyn New York with his wife Linda and after thirty-five years working as a traveling salesman he feels defeated by his lack of success and difficult family life. As a salesman, Willy Loman focuses more on personality and being well liked by everyone than actual skills. When he returns early from a business trip it is apparentRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Tragedy Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragic play written in 1949 by Arthur Miller. The story is about a salesman who lost his identity after having an affair with another woman and can’t seem to accept the changes in his life since the event. The story has been performed in theaters and shown on film for many years. Lee Siegel, a writer for The Nation explains the role of Death of a Salesman in the entertainment industry: Every ten years or so, Death of a Salesman is revived, and every ten years we get theRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in terms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more similar than they are different. In spite of the different cultural backgrounds of each protagonist they bothRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable thatRead MoreWilly Loman, the Modern Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1739 Words   |  7 Pagesheroes, otherwise known as the protagonists, illustrated by tragic Greek playwrights, were never normal people. All heroes were citizens of high class, such as princes. This was due in part because plays were seen as a luxury for refined citizens. Aristocratic citizens did not want to pay to watch plays about the peasants of society. They wanted to relate to the characters; therefore, all heroes of Greek tragedy were elite members of society. An additional distinguishing factor of the Greek heroesRead MoreThemes Of Death Of A Salesman1286 Words   |  6 PagesA Blanketed Illusion Death of a Salesman is a tragicomedy centered on the events that take place at the end of Willy Loman’s life. From the opening act, we learn that Willy and his family struggle to behave as a united front when they face financial pressures and strained familial bonds. This causes Willy to become desperate for success and validation. Death of a Salesman has commonly been interpreted as an analysis of the American dream. Within the ideal American society, citizens believe that theRead MoreEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller’s ‘Death of a Salesman’ is an examination of American life and consumerism. It relates the story of a common man who portrays this lifestyle. Other issues explored in the play include: materialism, procrastination and alienation. The play was set in 1948, in a time where The American Dream was highly regarded, despite the Depression. The American Dream was a belief that emerged in th e later half of the nineteenth century, that if you work hard you will achieve success and prosperity

Different Elements Of A Specific Gang And Their Lifestyles...

Introduction Often when people hear the word gang, they immediately think of drugs, guns, and violence. When in reality there has been an ongoing debate that gangs are not no different from a sorority or fraternity. To demonstrate, a gang is similar to a sorority or fraternity because the members are dedicated to sister-hood or brother-hood. Sorority and fraternity life started long ago on college campuses for the improvement of the college campus. Gangs started for equality on the street. Gains promoted violence while fraternities and sororities began occupying their spare time with doing community service. Both gangs and Greeks are dedicated to sister-hood and brother-hood. Gangs can be defined as positive or negative depending on the person’s beliefs. In this particular paper, I will be discussing more in depth of the different elements of a specific gang and their lifestyles. Typical Profile There are several different profiles that fit the description of a gang member. For instance it involves; teens, adults, women, men, and people of different ethnicity backgrounds. Depending on the awareness of gangs it can be extremely be difficult for a person to identify a gang member. Mostly men are common for joining gangs, but women also are gang members as well. Also, a typical profile of a gang member can be identified through their handshakes, certain colors, or tattoos. Why People Join Individuals join gangs due to lack of fellowship at home, family members involved in aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Better Life1213 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as fighting and gangs. Over time, Carlos and his son drift apart and are now at the awkward teen phase. The movie A Better life opens with Carlos borrowing money in order to buy his employer’s truck ensuring that he will have a job so he can provide for his son. The next day when Carlos takes his truck to work, it is stolen from a fellow struggling illegal immigrant. This devastates Carlos and he goes on a journey with his son to get the truck back. Along the way, gang influences are heavyRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Control Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pageslacks inter or outer controls. Also criminals tend to rationalize deviance before it occurs. One will most likely throw out or neutralize beliefs they once use to believe in. In Causes of Delinquency (1969), Hirschi believed that there are four different bonds that an individual must make that will determine whether or not they will commit criminal offenses (p.16-20). First is an attachment, meaning that the socialization of an individual depends on an individual s interest in another human beingRead MoreEssay about What Ar e Gangs and Who Are Their Memebers2301 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is a gang? What is the difference between a gang and a peer group? How can a gang member be defined? These are three very common and difficult questions to answer within all disciplines. 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This paper will contain i nformation regarding the relationship between personality and criminal behavior; the key elements of the psychological theory, and theRead MoreEvaluation Of An Individual s History And Early Life Span Phases Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesSampson Laub (1993) focus on how delinquency arises in specific life span phases. They examine what they call â€Å"the stages of life course.† The examination of an individual’s history and early life gives rise to the reasons behind their engagement in delinquency. Furthermore, the theory explicitly explains why some individuals are more prone to pursue the criminal life than others. The phases of the life span include the onset, continuance, escalation/de-escalation, and desistance. The onset phaseRead MoreThe Sociological Theory Of A Gang Membership And Gang Violence1615 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years gang membership and gang violence have increased. 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Symbolism And Symbolism Of Everyday Use By F. Scott...

In many novels objects or items are used throughout the story, in other scenarios things like a person’s personality or features can mean more than what they seem. For example, the dove is a symbol of peace. Also a red rose or even the color red stands for romance. This literary technique is called symbolism; symbolism is a form of communication used to convey information through the use of symbols. Often, symbols are embedded in larger images so one must read in-between the lines to better understand a deeper meaning of the symbol. The short story â€Å"Everyday Use† Is a story about a mother who is a strong hard working woman. She has two daughters, Maggie and Dee. Maggie is timid and shy from the scars she bears due to a fire that happened in their previous house. Dee, is spoiled, educated, and is motivated to leave her sister Maggie and her mother. After Dee is finally old enough to leave the house, she ventures in to the reality of the world and completely forgets about her mother and sister. After many years of being away she sends a letter to her mother saying she is coming to visit. She finally came home with a man of her influences. While at home she starts plundering through items in the house until she finds two quilts that have a significant meaning towards Maggie. When Maggie overheard the conversation about Dee wanting to take the quilts, she gave a look to her sister Dee that made her mother realize how long she had been wrong about her daughter all this time. AShow MoreRelated Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. 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Causes of the English Civil War Free Essays

Causes of The English Civil War In this assessment I will be analysing the many causes and roots of the English Civil war which broke out in 1642. The English civil war was a long chain of conflict and rivalry, which was set between two very powerful forces, who consisted of The Royalists (King Charles I, and his supporters), and the Roundheads (Parliament, and their supporters). The feud erupted on the 22nd of August 1642, and lasted for 7 years, when its final action took place in 1649. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of the English Civil War or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were many reasons for this intellectual battle, including political arguments, economical arguments and also religious arguments, which will be categorised and stated in this essay. To begin with, one of the fundamental causes of The Civil War includes a religious argument, about James I’s and Charles I’s dedication to the ‘Divine Rights of Kings’. The Divine Rights of Kings was a religious doctrine, which states that a monarch is to have no authority to the will of his/her people, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of only God. James and Charles were both very firm, believers of The Divine Rights of Kings especially that, as to begin with James expected a great amount of attention from Parliament, by letting him make his own decisions, and did not expect any of his decisions to be argued with. However at this time, Parliament consumed a major advantage over James, as parliament contained a great amount of money, whereas James was constantly short of it. It was from his father that Charles acquired to also be a very strong devotee to the Divine Rights of Kings, as he realised the damaged relationship which was left between his father and Parliament, and blamed this action entirely on Parliament. This led to a complete ignorance with the Parliament, from Charles, and set his Godly rights to do as he pleased. But this action was considered a huge shock to Parliament, during this time, as parliament had experienced to be more powerful under the period of the Tudors, and anticipated current Kings and Queens to listen and abide by their commands, just like Elizabeth I had done, by being a succeeding sovereign, listening wisely to the Parliament, and standing by their rules. But the actions of Charles meant that the power of Parliament had been undertaken by the monarch, and their reputation continued to weaken. Because of this parliament now despised Charles very much. All these actions shows that The Divine Rights of Kings is implied as a very significant reason to foundation of the civil war, as it is considered as the main reason for the start of the whole dispute and disagreement between the Royalists and Roundheads. This whole feud continued to develop, as parliament were increasingly getting more frustrated, with the fact that James I and Charles I, were acting even more foolishly upon idiotic decisions they made. An important political reason for this is that both Charles I and James I, thoughtlessly and carelessly, choses the most unhelpful advisors for themselves. James I choose the Duke of Buckingham, for the most idiotic reason; because he was good looking. James thought that the Public would be attracted to this reason, but unfortunately were not, as Buckingham came out to be very stupid and a waste of choice. Charles also foolishly chose his advisor, by selecting his best friend the Earl of Strafford, which was a he mistake as he public hated him, which led to a bad impression on the king. Another action that Gave Charles a bad impression was the amount of money that was wasted by him, by spending a hefty amount on insignificant things, such as cloths, parties and palaces. But this meant that Charles was continuously losing his money, and therefore, always ended up asking Parliament for more money. Charles found other ways to get more money, as he also need money for a war taking place against Spain at the time. One way Charles’s used was asking Parliament to increase taxes, so that he could gain the money he needed, but unfortunately this didn’t happen as Parliament refused to give the money to Charles, as Parliament had a list of demand to get more power off the King. But Charles did not take any of this, as he would not allow his power to be destroyed and taken away by Parliament, and in a terrible rage of anger he made the simple decision to shut down Parliament in 1629 for 11 years, which changed England politically, as it meant that there was now less control over England, to guide its path! making this decisions also lead to consequences, as now that Parliament was gone, he needed to depend another resort to get more money. In 1635, Charles decided made a very important economic decision to resort to the ancient custom of demanding ship money. Ship money was an ancient tax, when kings were able to order coastal towns and villages to pay for the expenses of the navy and ships. However, Charles demanded more ship tax the following year, and intended to ask for it every year. But this gained Charles a vast amount of complaints. Especially when in 1637, a man named John Hampden was prosecuted for refusing to pay ship tax. This made people very angry. And eventually in July 1641 ship tax was abolished. How to cite Causes of the English Civil War, Papers

Salem Meets Dennis the Menace Essay Example For Students

Salem Meets Dennis the Menace Essay Whats the difference between Abigail Williams and Satin? Very little! Abigail turns life around for many innocent citizens of Salem. She took away their freedom and attacked their emotions. Abigail shows many similar qualities to Satin in The Crucible. She certainly rejects God and does what she wants to do regardless of whom it may hurt. Abigail Williams was a menace to society because she destroyed the calm community of Salem through her destructive, sinful acts. Abigail tries to steal Goody Proctors husband John. Abigail makes an attempt to kill Goody Proctor by casting a spell upon her. She had been Goody Proctors servant, but Goody Proctor dismissed her. Abigail turned from God when she cast the spell on Goody Proctor. She drank blood and spoke over a boiling caldron. Abigail also had an affair with John, and she wanted to have John to herself. Abigail was completely engulfed in the idea of spending the rest of her life with John. This would never happen, because John didnt love Abigail. However, Abigail was not willing to let anything stop her in her quest for John. Abigail and the other girls had a dark secret. Abigail was willing to do anything to hide the truth from the world. All the girls were lying the whole time about being bewitched. Abigail was a very controlling person. She was able to use this quality about herself to intimidate the other girls to not confess, but keep acting and lying with her. Abigail showed the other girls by accusing Mary of witchcraft that she could condemn anyone that tried to reveal her secret. Showing the girls that if they werent with Abigail, they were against her, the girls didnt hesitate to listen to whatever Abigail said. With Abigail controlling all the girls, and the girls being the only means of anyone getting convicted of witchcraft, there was no fair justice. If they were accused of witchcraft, they had two options. Their first option was to admit their crime, and then they had to sign a document that declared them a sinner. This document was hung above the church door so that everyone could see. If they decided to not admit their sin, there was no forgiveness. Regardless of who they were, there was no escaping death. Once convicted of witchcraft, and if they didnt confess, they were set in jail to wait for the day that they would be hanged they for their crime. Many innocent people died, and they all had one thing in common, they had Abigail Williams to blame for their lose of life. Abigail Williams was a menace to society because she destroyed the calm community of Salem through her destructive, sinful acts. Everyone in the village looked down upon her by the end of her deceitful acts. It is a shame that no one could have known the truth behind Abigails lies, for they might have been able to warn someone. However, even if anyone had known the whole story of Abigail in the woods with the other girls, it probably wouldnt have helped much. Abigail could have easily turned the tables saying that they had bewitched her. Since there was no hard evidence to convict someone of witch, only the word of the children, there was no avoiding Abigails destruction. The Salem witch trials were doomed to happen, and their destruction was immeasurably harmful.

Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Essay Example

Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Essay Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Author(s): Kathryn Robinson Source: Feminist Review, No. 52, The World Upside Down: Feminisms in the Antipodes (Spring, 1996), pp. 53-68 Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1395773 . Accessed: 31/07/2011 01:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=pal. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [emailprotected] org. Palgrave Macmillan Journals is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Feminist Review. http://www. jstor. org Of Own l We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mail-Order Tales: Brides and Boys Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Kathryn Robinson Abstraet 3 Asiais increasingly entering the Australian into imaginary the nationgrapples as with the issue of Australian identity. This articleexamines two instances in whichtheideaof Asiahasbeentakenup in debates aboutmarriage relations S and between andwomen. Asiais a siteof fantasy menin an erawhenthey  ° men for feelthattraditional valuesof malepre-eminence the familyare beingunderin mined. his fantasy, In Asiais knownthrough stereotypic representations, the z stereotypes underlying nature theresponse thepopular the of in media. ,, Keywords X vl mail-order brides;Gillespiekidnapping; marriage; Australian-Asian relations; Australian identity Stereotypes, however inaccurate, one formof representation. fictions, are Like theyare created serveas substitutions, to standing for what is real in Theyarean invention, pretence one knowswhenthe stepsthatwould a that makerealknowing possible c annotbe taken arenot allowed. bellhooks,1992:341) The mail-order bridehas becomea potentsymbolin Australian representations Asia. Mail-order of bridesis the pejorative image which has come to stand for womenwho are Philippine nationalsmarrying Australians. spiteof the factthatthesewomenrepresent verysmall In a proportion the total immigration of intake,in termsof mediacoverage and publiccontroversy is probably next biggest it the immigration issue afterChineseand Indo-Chinese refugees immigrants and fromMuslim countries. ecentpopular A film,The Adventuresof Priscilla,Queen of the Desert, created character a who encapsulated dimension the one of stereotype: sex-crazed, a manipulative ex-bargirl who had trickeda decent, outback Aussiebattler marrying (Thecharacter a parinto her. is ticularly unpleasant notablyso as the filmdealswith transgressive one, sexualities thatthe central in characters dragqueens. )1 are Whyhas this phenomenon attracted much attentionand generated negative so t he stereotypes? 53 Media eoverage of mail-order brides orientalist readings o in issuebegan appear the revealing newsocial this reports Newspaper of frequency in late 1970s when a trendwas discernible an increased women. The prevailing men Australian and Filipino between marriages media responsewas negative,drawingon powerfulrepresentations Filipinas have discourse. as whichSaid(1978) has identified orientalist as withinthis discourse meek,docile slaves,oriental been constituted but with shadypasts,passiveand manipulable, also grasping beauties The power queues. o usingmarriage jumpimmigration and predatory, tropes: on fromits reliance orientalist of the mediaimagewas derived arbitrary for sensuality, lackof respect the individual, a beauties, steamy such as Mail OrderBridesin Vice exerciseof power. (See headlines Trapin the SydneyMorningHerald(Prior,1987). ) The term mailof storecatalogues, the conup orderconjures imagesof department which commodity on sumerselecting the basisof a n imagea consumer ln y 1S necessarl passlve tne acqulsltlon. . . . . . . f elements fearand we theserepresentations seethecontradictory Within Australian as (1990)has identified characterizing whichHamilton desire in of of imaginings Asia. Theelements desireare easilyrecognizable the beauties aresex slavesto Australian who compliant imageof the luscious with mediadiscussion, Fearis evidentin the oftenhysterical husbands. But of prophecies gloomand doomaboutthesemarriages. 2 the fearis where this also of miscegenation: is not likeotherformsof immigration in Heretheyare introduced the most can the newcomers be ghettoized. ivingbirthto Australian households, remoteregionsinto Australian to analysis relates the transcendence also Desirein Hamiltons children. identity, thiscase,desire in of heart Australian of the fearof the empty of familyvalues,a fearof the bankruptcy our own confor traditional socialforms. temporary bridehas in the of hold this stereotype the mail-order The powerful r evealed thepresscoverage in was consciousness spectacularly Australian eventsat the time of the deathof soap-opera the surrounding real-life in LangHancock 1991. His widow, mining magnate Australian Western bride,or evenmail-order to referred as a Filipino Rose,was constantly par the represented stereotype excellence, marriage The bride. Hancock roughdiamond, to Asianbeautymarried an old Australian a younger elements It forays marriage. drewon powerful into of the survivor earlier rich the of the discourse, factthathe was spectacularly andthatshe was and froma poor background had once workedas his houseallegedly to 1992). Disclaimers the effectthat 1990; Heinrichs, keeper(Shears, had familyin the Philippines she is froma wealthyand well-connected 4 no effecton thepublicdiscussion theissue. TheHancock of case,withits contestation between widowand Hancocks the daughter froma former marriageover considerable wealth (Riley and Humphries,1992), endorsed suspicion the that Filipinas marryAustralians money,not for love,a taken-for-granted of Australian basis marriages. In a bizarreepisode,Rose Hancockappeared the Midday Show on (1992) to refutethe allegations. Part of the interview was conducted froma bathful milk,perhaps an ironiccomment the imageof of as on the sultryexoticbeauty whichshe was refuting. Australia in the region The growthin the number Australian marrying of men Asianwomenis connected the growthin sex tourismin the region,givenan initial to impetus the R R offered US soldiers by to fighting Vietnam, in and boostedin its phenomenal growthby masstourism consequent the on development the wide-bodied Media headlinespromotedan of jet. image of a commercial trade in sex akin to slavery,for example, Marriage Market the SydneyMorningHerald (Brown, in 1980);Sella Visa,BuyA Girlin the Bulletin (Lees,1988). The WeekendAustralian featured Mail-Order Misery: Thebrides tendto comefrompoorand lowermiddle-class backgrounds and to be motivated chiefly economic by factors. Butthereare otherfactors involved somecases,suchas poormarriage in prospects theirown society in becausethey are too old, singlemothersor formerprostitutes. The bottomlinein manymail-order marriages the husbands is inability finda to partner hisownsociety. inability be a result geographic in This can of isolation but oftenit arisesfromnegative personality traits. . . [heis] shunned the by womenof his own society. About5000 mail-order brides in Queenslive land,wheretheymakeup 95 percentof the Filipino migrant community, a muchhigher proportion in otherStates. than (Lowe, citedin Jackson, 1989) The stereotypes encountered the everydaydiscussionof the issue in reflected fundamental a truth: thecurrent in globalsystem, whereindustrialcapitalist countries ourownconsume disproportionate like a amount of wealth,the accident birthmeans thesemenoccupya particular of that locationin the contemporary world as male members a capitalist of metropolis, economically the dominant society. An Australian way of marriage? The newspaper reports focusedon the fact that in manycasesthe men weremeeting theirbrides through introduction agencies whichsometimes 55 operated pen pal clubs. Magazines, as Australian Singles, as such o featured of photographs brief pages and biographies Filipinas of seeking =penpalswitha viewto matrimony: thecharacterization hence of the O mail-order bride. was at a timewhenintroduction This agencies (as 3 well as newspaper columns radioprogrammes up to find and set partners) lesscommon theyaretoday. ere than Hence, hadthe they F stench illegitimacy failing conform whatwasassumed of by to with to s bethenorm marriage of arising of theromantic out attachmenttwo of freeindividuals. A feature themedia of discussion thehint therespective was that partners couldnot achieve theirdesired through end legitimate means. Hence therewas a stresson the characteristicsmenas olderthantheir of brides (old,uglymenwithno currency the market on getting young, beautif ul women practisingkindof hypergamy, is, marrying a that up into a higher status category). omen, contrast, seeking The by in a wayout of poverty marryingforeigner a developed by a from country, wereseento be acting an illegitimate (and on basis practisingkindof a economic hypergamy). apparent This transgression the ideology of of romantic allowed women be branded grasping love the to as opportunists, nothing better thanprostitutes. moresympathetic The version hadthem sexslaves, as forced selltheir to bodies (obviously) in loveless marriages. , The mediadebate drawn has powerfully discourses gender on of in contemporary Australian society. lany themedia In of stories, men the seeking Filipino brides havebeenquoted linking motivation as their to negative feelings about Australian women. example, manfrom For a an agency whicharranges thesemarriages quoted saying, was as many menwanted Asian wivesbecause werefed up withthe demands they Australian women makeandtheirunfaithfulness (Brown , 1980). Here is an alternative discourse: Asianwomen trulyfeminine, the are and Eastis a source traditional of family values. Thisdiscourse holdsa promise family andstable of life marriage canbetapped marrywhich by inganAsian bride. ssumption these The that marriages so evidently are not basedon romantic is a powerful love challenge assumptions to in our own society aboutthe connections between romantic and love marriage. Changing gender relations Australia in Thepower theimage themail-order canalsobe related of of bride to changing gender relations marriage and relations Australia, as in such the large-scale of women the workforce the post-Second entry into in 56 WorldWarera, the introduction the mid-1970sof no-faultdivorce, in limitedstate supportfor womenin the formof singleparentpensions and so on. In contemporary Australiaa significantproportionof marriages breakdownandwomenhavetended retain to controlof their childrenin such cases. Marriageand family relationsare amongst 3 the most hotly debatedissues in the contestation about male-female relations our own society. in Australian womens response the media to reports reflectsthe way the issues take their meaningfrom these tensionsbetweenmen and women. For example,a womanwrote to The Australianaftera Four Corners television programme dealt with these issues, expressing anger at the attitudesexpressed men her by marrles Fllplnas: to . . I stronglyresentthe statementby the Aussiemales,that Australian women had somethingto learn from the subservient Filipinowomen. In my opinion these lazy bastards. . . are not prepared spend any energymakingan Australian to marriage work . . . and so importa meek, obedientslave to be theirwife. (Bacon,1979) Themenarerepresented failures slobswho taketheeasyway out, as and incapable shaping to a red-blooded of up Aussiegirl. Where are the Filipinas in the debate? Suchcomments drawon the presumption womenas a grouphavea that transparent of common set interests, thata (politically so conscious) First World whitewomancan speakfor all women,so thatthe Filipino brides are regarded sisterslettingthe side down. Theydo not take account as of the varyingsituations interests womenwho occupydifferent and of positionsin the global system. The assumed rightof white womento speakforThird World women, assumptions theuniversal the of character of patriarchy the unity of womenspoliticalstrugglehave been and challenged. 4 Thewomenthemselves beenlargely have silenced thesedebates. n There havenot beennumbers highprofilearticles of reporting theirstated on motivations, any consideration broader or of issuessuchas the assumptions underlying marriage the Philippines. 5 is despitethe fact in This that in recentyearsFilipinas haveestablished advocacy organizations to counter stereotype. television the A drama Mail OrderBrideendeavoured to represent theirpoint of vie w. Set againstthe background white of Australian racism a country in town,it revealed contradictory the nature of the way the structural issuesare playedout for individuals, very a sensitiveportrayal which challenges stereotypes, shows their the but power. For example,the wife is rapedby a matewho earlierin the 5i7 o = O 3 F s uw film tells other matesthat all womenfrom the Philippines marrying Australians ex-prostitutes will takehis moneyandrun. In spite are who of the growing feelingbetween manand his wife,we see how these the attitudes awayat himand so, for example, firstassumes she eat he that has beenunfaithful, only recognizes rapewhenhe sees she has and the beenbeaten. The filmalso explores conflictoveruse of the contrathe ceptivepill the wife is a Catholic and differing assumptions about dutyto onesfamily (ABC 1985). TV, Academic research: challenging the stereotypes This mediadebateand the negativeimagesportrayed, especially the negatlvelmages ot Flllplnowomen, led to concernedcommentln academic journals, particular seriesof articlesbeginning 1982 in a in in The AustralianJournal of Social Issues. The firstof these,by David Watkins, university a bureaucrat was himself who married a Filipina, to challenged stereotype the meek,submissive the of beautyby discussing the academicliterature, especiallythe social psychologyliterature. His agenda to disabuse was would-be suitors whoseimages Filipinas, of and hence expectations, were being shaped by the media debates. He countered negativestereotype the with another, womanwho the appeared be compliant to because herfemininity was accomplished of but in the covertexercise power. was askedto writea comment his of I on paper(Robinson, 1982). . . . . . . . . I founda dearth factual of information aboutthe women,and the men seekingthem as partners. The mediareportscited by Watkins were basedon interviews with a few individuals. elevant The government departments the timeImmigration Foreign (at and Affairs) no data had on the women or the marriages, althougha ForeignAffairssocial worker gaveme herpersonal opinionoverthe telephone whichdrewon the prevailing mediadiscourse the ugly,old Australian couldn of who get himself brideand the poor,dumbslave,the Filipina a beauty. Most intriguing a letterto the Sydney Morning Herald froman expert, was the DeputyDirectorof the Marri age Guidance Bureau(see Watkins, 1982). His letterseemedto indicate that thesewomenwerepresenting as a clientgroup. WhenI followed up with the Marriage this Guidance Council, was not so. His letterwas all conjecture, it another projection of the samestereotypes aboutthe dangers cross-cultural of marriage. By the late 1980s a seriesof studieshad beencarried whichaimed out to discoversomething about these womenand their situation, beginningwith Charita Ungsons study(1982). Most took as theirfocusthe powerful stereotype the mail-order of brideand endeavoured rebutit to 5l 8 (see,for example, Cooke,1986; Jackson Flores,1989). One of the and most interesting, basedon an analysis the 1986 census,was suppleof mented a survey Filipinos Australia by of in (Jackson, 1989). Thisstudy demonstrates degree fantasy the of whichunderpins stereotypes. the The picture whichemerges of womenin theirthirties, is average 30 to age 31, marrying Australian men who are, on average,11. 7 years older According the censusfigures,Filipinas to livingin Australia were ten timesmorelikelyto havea tertiary qualification Australian than women in general. The mediadebatehad focusedon the personal qualities of the men marrying Filipinas and the assumed expectations about their brides hencehadbeenlocated theterrain the shifting and in of definitions of genderin our own society. Censusdata revealed that Filipinas in mixed marriage households tend to show a greaterconcentration in miningareas,areaswith unbalanced ratios,regions sex whosecharacter has beencreatedby earlier wavesof migration wheresinglemen have beenselectively recruited cheaplabourfor Australian as industry: Could one not then arguethat the Filipinas prepared live and succeedin to remotecommunities the new heroinesof the outbackand to be are admired (Jackson, [? ] 1989: 180). The generalpicturehe presents, of the demographic socialprofileof the peopleinvolvedin Filipinoand Australian marriages, mirrored findings othercommunity the of surveys (seeUngson,1982; Cooke,1986). In 1987 therewas anotherarticlein the AustralianJournal of Social Issues countering new dimension the mediaimage;the claimthat a to thesemarriages brokedown morefrequently Australian than marriages. An examination FamilyCourtstatistics otherdata enabledthe of and authors conclude therewas no evidence thesemarriages to that that are inherently moreunstable thanthe Australian norm(Chuaet al. 1987). In spiteof the fact that a lot of information come into the public has domainrefuting aspectsof the stereotype, has none the less gained it a powerfulhold. Filipinasliving in Australia reportthat they now feel tarred with the brush, peoples that attitudes reflect assumption the that all Filipinas mail-order are brides, that they fit the stereotype in termsof theirpersonal qualities, theirmotivati ons the negative and view of their partners. They feel malignedand spurnedby the pejorative stereotype. Paradoxically, probablyas a result of media attention,both the Australian Philippines and governments have tightened procedures, up so thatthe smallpercentage meetthrough who mail-order agencies and pen pal clubs is decliningeven further(Payne,1990). However,the stereotype not beenrevamped linewiththischange. has in 5g O e Whyhas this stereotype gained such a hold? The issue has resoundedwith meaningsderived from the contestations in contemporaryAustralian society about the nature of male-female with debates which have intersected relations,and the natureof marriage, of relationswith Asia. Constructions genderare signifiabout Australian cant in both ethnic identitiesand their counterpoint,ethnic stereotypes. In a recent article dealing with reportingon Asia, Peter Mares cites an article from the British newspaperthe Independent:Love hotels are spread all over Asia, where the supposed christian ideal of life-long fidelity to ones spouse is replaced by an easy-going, matter-of-fact approach to sex (cited in Mares, 1993). Said (1978) argues that the West portrays the East as an ideal and unchangingabstraction. Orientalismis a way of dealing with the Orient by making statements about it, authorisingviews of it, describingit, by teachingit, settlingit, ruling over it . . . an acceptedgrid for filteringthe Orient into Western (Said,1978:7). LauraNader (1989)extendsher argument consciousness women as a to show how the orientalistgrid is importantin maintaining subordinateclass in both the Orient and the Occident. She stressesthe importanceof the use of comparisonin genderconstruction. Critiqueof of the other may be an instrument control when the comparisonasserts a position of superiority'(Nader, 1989:234). That is, while it may be bad here it is worse somewhere else, for example, in the Orient. So images of women in other societiesreinforcenorms of subordination in our own (Nader, 1989: 347) through the process of constructing Hence the negativestereotypesof women in other positionalsuperiority. iscourse. The culturesare significantin both orientalistand patriarchal positional superiorityof Westernwomen as symbolic of the positional of superiority the West is a deeply ingrainedidea (Nader,1989:329). The particularconstructionof the mail-orderbride, the sensual sex slave, and the counterview of the oriental bride as the salvation of traditional family values, can be understood as constructionsof the other in the Australianquest for identity. The negativestereotypewhich is the prevailingone relates both to issues of female subordinationin of our own society and to the ideologicaljustification our position as an affluentcountryin a region of the world wherepovertyis still the norm. o e z 2, TheGillespiecase a battle of images We can develop the idea of understandingthe representationsof Asians in marriagesto Australiansas being instancesof orientalistand patriarchal readings by looking at another recent media issue, the Gillespie case, which was also about tensions in the constitution of 6C D context. The Gillespie case confamilies, heightened a cross-cultural in married a Malaysian, the to and cernedan Australian womanformerly of between Australian the caseemerged against background tensions the and Malaysiangovernmentover the television series Embassy, a veiled classicallyorientalisttext with easternpotentates,submissive lurkingbeneaththe surface women,and politicaland sexualdisorder had nobletitle, and (see Mitchell, 1993). The ex-husband a Malaysian media as the prince. was consistently referred in the Australian to his from In July 1992 he was reported havekidnapped two children to their Australian other who had custody during an access visit. The headlineMalaysianPrinceVanishesWith Two Little Aussies 1992: 1). Kidnappings appeared the SydneyMorningHerald (Hewett, in bornparent occurso frequently that of children an estranged by foreign on the Australian government tightenedup restrictions parents has this of takingchildren overseas. no othercaseshaveattracted degree But publ icity. cast. Mrs Gillespie The earliestpress reportswere in an orientalist backbecause Islamic expressed fearsaboutnot gettingthe children her law will be biased against her. Invokingher alleged sentenceof (Jacqueline six strokesof the cane for leavingthe prince,Mr Gillespie Gillespies secondhusband) said,formy wife, livingin a fundamentalist Islamic societyas a member a royalfamilywas likegoingbackthree of and (Hewett, 1992). hundred years. It was verybrutal repressive the within On 16 JulyMr Gillespie claimed princewouldbe regarded as the fundamentalist Islamcommunity a hero, rescuinghis children were veryadeptat fromthe infidels (Cornwall, 1992a). The Gillespies promoting these orientalist imagesin the mediain the serviceof their of cause. Theprince challenged storyof the six strokes the caneand the had as The criticized fact thathis children beenbaptized Christians. the as Malaysian minister law was reported sayingthat underMalaysian custody because hadconverted she to law MrsGillespie surrendered had interview, representative a Christianity (Cornwall, 1992b). In a television of the Malaysian government askedaboutthe case- the interviewer was (Jana Wendt) focusing the six strokesof the canestory- and about on invokinga negativeand threatening the threatof femalecircumcision, imageof Islam. The orientalist imageswere used to greateffectiveness 1992 issueof the by Mrs Gillespie puttingher case. The September in EveryWomans Australian WomansWeeklyhad the coverline Living Gillespie, WorstNightmare emblazoned acrossa pictureof Jacqueline of in holdinga childstoy, with framedphotographs the children the background. The interviewwith JacquelineGillespiewas a classic and (Duncan, 1992) orientalist aboutharems, text beatings sexualcruelty s1 O o zeo O 3 As in the representation mail-order of brides, images thoseof a the are sensual orientin whichwomenhavea subordinate position oddswith at the elevated positionof western women:the harem,violentoppression of women,andso on. Againwe saw the imageof the olderman(in this case, the Asian) marrying younger(Eurasian-Australian) the woman. Thereare sharedimageswith manyof the Filipino stories- of forced and/orviolentsex andpolygamy Lowe,1988:3; Taylor, (see 1990:18). The return of a fathers right? However, therewas another element the mediacoverage; manyof of in the stories,the assertion the fathers of rightwas a dominant image. It resonated with debates aboutmensrightsand theirchildren, of one the issuesfor the contemporary mensmovement. example, ABC For an programme featured exclusive an interview with the princebackhome in Malaysia. He was given a sympathetic hearing,at one stage the interviewer asking,is thatyourchildren can hearin the background I theysoundjustlike mine'(Law Report, 1992). At aboutthe sametime the ABCalso hostedan AustraliaTalksBack (1992)programme, where listeners were invitedto telephone with theiropinionson the Gillespie case,explicitly linking controversial to the ongoingcritique the issue of the FamilyCourt,by men who felt it had takenaway theirrightsto theirchildren. This had the overtones a cautionary Thiscould of tale: happento you, girls, if you arentmore considerate mensrights. of Therewas the juxtaposition storiesin The Australian,linkingthe of kidnapping issuesof custody men(Fife-Yeomans, to for 1993). InOctober 1993, the princewroteto WeekendAustralian,linkinghis case to that of othermen treated badlyby the Family Court,thanking the all Australian fathers who have beensupportive his case (Shah,1993). of TheABCRadioNews (1993)broadcast as sayinghe hadbeenconhim tactedby manyAustralians dissatisfied the Family with Court. ) When the princere-emerged Malaysia,there were happy family in picturesof him with the childrenin newspapers and on tel evision (Harris,1992; Gleick,1993). Somenewspapers recounted heroic the effortsthe princewent throughto reclaimhis children, showingan admiration the military-like for planning his escapeandavoidance of of authority (see, for example, Connolly, 1992;Wright,1992b). Through suchrepresentations, princewas rescued the fromthe orientalist stereotype:the loving father,the wily strategist overcoming odds to be all reunited his children. with 62t Theprince consistently givena voice,for example, the radio has been in interview referred above,but particularly the earlypartof 1993, to in y following announcement an whenthe issueagainhit newsheadlines from that the Australian government they would seek his extradition Malaysia(Stewart al. , 1993). This secondroundshowedboth sides et on images the partof adeptly exploiting mediain termsof orientalist the imageson the partof the prince. In an the Gillespies, occidentalist and was interview the SydneyMorningHerald,the prince askedaboutthe in childrens relations with his secondwife. H e repliedthat he had been and took to her stepmother, when amazed how quickly daughter at his givesme this kindof he askedher why,she said:Nobodyin Australia attention. s therewhen I got [sic] to bed, at homewhen I come She 1993:23). homefromschool'(Harris, Sixty Minutes. on programme The princewas interviewed the television wherehe brokehis ex-wifes He was askedaboutthe allegedincident correctly, she nosewith a coat hanger because had not hunghis trousers The in and which had been reported the WomensWeekly interview. In the denialof the incident. discussing princes answerwas an indirect who sociologyclass,the only student programme an introductory with reported as saying,YesI did hit her, him had watched programme the It but I was withinmy rightsas thatis our custom. eemsthe students influenced (in this case)the orientalist by hearing moreprofoundly was said. stereotype it was by whatwas actually than was with TheSixty Minutesinterview introduced a claimthatthe prince his to had no t had sufficient opportunity put his case,and stressed right to be heard(Sixty Minutes, 1993). Thisis a rightwhichhas neverbeen reclaiming his The father stressed mail-order for brides. sentimentalized as rightswas not subjectto the same disapprobation the mail-order So the or motives. hereas bridemarrying economic otherspurious for the Filipinabridesare demonized, princevery quicklyturnedfrom a his to demonwho had kidnapped children take thembackto a life of into tyrannyand Islamicfundamentalism a kind of BoysOwn hero reclaiming rights a father. his as Conclusion of in Both of the cases discussed this articlerelateto the complexity heterosexual marriage and familyrelationsas they are revealedin a relations. cross-cultural context. Whatis at stakeis a view of conjugal of the case Thediscourse surrounding Gillespie is revealing the discourse aboutFilipinas. he identifies marriage In The Sexual Contract (1988), CarolPateman found in contemporary contractas criticalto the form of patri archy two freeand capitalist societies. Ratherthan beinga contractbetween 63 equalindividuals, argues is themodethrough she it whichthecommunity of menregulate theiraccessto women. Thisfraternal of patriarchy form or brother rightin herviewsuperseded olderformof patriarchy an or ON fatherright which was characteristic societieswhose fundamental of 3 socialformwas basedon relations status,not contract. nalysis of Her is instructive the understanding the issuesof the reasonfor the for of F differing representations the mail-order of brideon the one hand,and E the prince, BoysOwnhero,on the other. the o zeh O Welivein an erawhere marriage beingredefined, partin response is in to the changingsocial role of women, and specificfeministdemands. Changes such as no-faultdivorce,womensentryinto the workforce, and (notionally) equalpay,are undermining manyof the underpinnings of marriage a patriarchal as institution. The prevailing stereotype of Filipinas mainlynegative the ountervailing is b ut discourse, stereothe type of the Asianwomanas a repository traditional of familyvalues, can be understood termsof debates in aboutrelations between and men womenin our own society. The censorious tone towardsthe parties involved Australian/Filipina in marriages indicates the phenomenon that is seento represent undermining thedominant an of myths oursociety in aboutsexualattraction romantic and love as the appropriate basisfor marriage. 6 Pateman not dealwiththeemotional does aspects marriage romantic of love, sexualattraction, parents feelingsfor children, However, etc. s RobertaHamilton(1978) exploresin her work, notionsof romantic lovehavebeencritical the formulation contemporary to of constructs of marriage. argues as production She that increasingly became located outsidethehome,lovebecame elevated thechiefideological as underpinning of marriage. Hencewe can readsomeof the hostility the mail-order to brideas the challenge such arrangements to the ideological pose construction marriage a lovematch. of as Muchof the negative publicity aboutno-faultdivorceand the Family Courthas focusedon the issuesof mensrightsto theirchildren. The prince represented bothpositive negative is in and readings his actions of as the bearer a culture of whichenforces stronger a notionof father right thanour own. In thisinstance Islamic Malaysia becomes site of desire a for menwho see the erosionof theirrightsto theirchildren through a weakening the powerof the marriage of contract centralto fraternal formsof patriarchy. Thedebate aboutfamily relations whichengage withtheother to be has understood onlyin termsof orientalist not construction the other, of but also in termsof patriarchal constructions the heartof the constitution at 64 W of ourselves andtherein its power. ies Thuswe cansee the connections mail-order betweenthe seemingly disparate imagesof the subjugated brideand the heroic princeassertinghis right as a father. Asia is of constituted a site in our imaginary as wherethe tensions traumas and our own rapidly changing worldbecome playedout. The subtextin the = Filipino brides debateis, women herehavegot it good;in t he Gillespie c. caseit is, males herecan haveit bewer. vb Notes of Kathryn Robinson a SeniorResearch is Fellowin the Department Anthropology,Research School of PacificStudiesand Asian Studiesat Australian with NationalUniversity, Canberra. esearch beenconcerned issuesof Her has of development Indonesia, particular effects the development a multiin in the of nationalowned nickelmine. Her most recentwritingsfocus on authorized modelsof femininity, including promotion contraceptive Her work the of use. nations) takesas its starting pointrelations between Australia otherwealthy (and andthe AsiaPacific region. 1 Theimage forcenot justin thepopular has media. recent A DavidWilliamson his play,Money and Friendscontained joke aboutthe manwho divorced a expensive Australian wife, got anotherfrom the Philippines was now and copingwith her desireto bringher familyto live with him. In her book put The Sexual Contract,Carole Pateman comments, Wives no longer up are by for auction Australia, in Britain the U. S. buttheycan be bought mailand order fromthe Philippines (1988:190). of 2 In recent yearstherehavebeensomewell-publicized violentincidents wife husbashing murder, and whereFilipinas havebeenthe victims Australian of such bands. Thesecaseshavealso beenreported a manner in whichimplies than these violence morelikelyto be a feature thesemarriages, is of rather proportion marriages exhibiting violence the whichis a feature a significant of of all Australian marriages for example, (see, Dempsey, 1991;Dibben,1995). The negative representation Rose Hancock of was so strongthat the (then) of RaceRelations Commissioner, Moss,criticized mediainvocation Irene the received little the stereotype the mail-order of bride, although comments her attention fromthe media. 4 For example, debatesin Spare Rib, AustralianFeministStudies and on the ComingOut Stow. 5 Thereis an exp ectation marriages be arranged, thatin the case that will and of arranged marriages, parentshave a responsibility duty to consider and ideology economic issueswhichin our societyareobfuscated the powerful by of romantic love. i5 6! @ s  ° , In Southeast therearetraditions romantic andsexualpassion, Asia of love for example,in courtchronicles the Mababtaratain Indonesia. like However, untilrecenttimesit was not usuallyassumed that this was an appropriate basisfor marriage. Marriage arranged was between families the bride the of and groom,with an eye to constituting successful household; was a new it assumed desireand passionwoulddevelopbetween husband wife after and thewedding. z . References l ABC RADIO (1993)Newsbroadcast, RadioNational October. 18 ABC TV (1985)Mail OrderBride,27 October. AGE, THE (1992a) Fortune forgedin iron (Obituary LangleyGeorge for 16 Hancock 1909-1992), March: 28 21. (1992b)Hancock be buried thehatchet not,4 April: may but is 5. AUSTRALIA TALKS BACK (199 2) TheGillespie case,Talkback programme, ABCRadioNational, August. 4 AUSTRALL4N (1983)Mail order mismatches, Editorial, January: S 6. BACON, C. (1979)Letter theEditor, to Australian, 4 October: 8. BOER, C. (1988)Are You Looking Fora Filipino Wik8: A Study of Filipina Australian Marriages A Research Project the Anglican of General SynodSocial Responsibilities Commission the International and Affairs Commission, Sydney: General Synod Office. 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(1995) Murder mail-order by Sunday Mail, 26 February: 95. 66, DUNCAN, S. (1992) WhyI had to escapemy life with a prince Australian Womens Weekly, September: 8-11, 49. s w_tYT x _S 4 n s * 14 * | . . . FIFE-YEOMANS, (1993) Childabduction easy,says judgeAustralian, J. too 8 July:4. GLEICK, (1993) WhyI stolemychildren E. WHO Weekly, May:28-35. 24 GROSSBERG, NELSON,C. andTREICHLER, A. (1992) CulturalStudies L. , P. ; z = New York: Routledge. HAMILTON,A. (1990) Fearand desire: Aborigines, Asiansand the national imaginary AustralianPerceptionsOfAsia: AustralianCulturalHistory No. 9: 14-35. HAMILTON,R. (1978) The LiberationOfWomen:A Study OfPatriarcby and Capitalism, London, Boston: Allen Unwin. HARRIS,M. (1992) Thecourtorder thatled to a kidnapping SydneyMorning Herald,3 August: and4. (1993) A besiegedprincedefendshis cause Sydney Morning Herald, 15 May:23. HEINRICHS,P. (1992) The revenge the WestTSe Sunday Age, S April: of m 1, 4. HENRY,S. andPORTER,J. 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