Different Elements Of A Specific Gang And Their Lifestyles...

Introduction Often when people hear the word gang, they immediately think of drugs, guns, and violence. When in reality there has been an ongoing debate that gangs are not no different from a sorority or fraternity. To demonstrate, a gang is similar to a sorority or fraternity because the members are dedicated to sister-hood or brother-hood. Sorority and fraternity life started long ago on college campuses for the improvement of the college campus. Gangs started for equality on the street. Gains promoted violence while fraternities and sororities began occupying their spare time with doing community service. Both gangs and Greeks are dedicated to sister-hood and brother-hood. Gangs can be defined as positive or negative depending on the person’s beliefs. In this particular paper, I will be discussing more in depth of the different elements of a specific gang and their lifestyles. Typical Profile There are several different profiles that fit the description of a gang member. For instance it involves; teens, adults, women, men, and people of different ethnicity backgrounds. Depending on the awareness of gangs it can be extremely be difficult for a person to identify a gang member. Mostly men are common for joining gangs, but women also are gang members as well. Also, a typical profile of a gang member can be identified through their handshakes, certain colors, or tattoos. Why People Join Individuals join gangs due to lack of fellowship at home, family members involved in aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Better Life1213 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as fighting and gangs. Over time, Carlos and his son drift apart and are now at the awkward teen phase. The movie A Better life opens with Carlos borrowing money in order to buy his employer’s truck ensuring that he will have a job so he can provide for his son. The next day when Carlos takes his truck to work, it is stolen from a fellow struggling illegal immigrant. This devastates Carlos and he goes on a journey with his son to get the truck back. Along the way, gang influences are heavyRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Control Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pageslacks inter or outer controls. Also criminals tend to rationalize deviance before it occurs. One will most likely throw out or neutralize beliefs they once use to believe in. In Causes of Delinquency (1969), Hirschi believed that there are four different bonds that an individual must make that will determine whether or not they will commit criminal offenses (p.16-20). First is an attachment, meaning that the socialization of an individual depends on an individual s interest in another human beingRead MoreEssay about What Ar e Gangs and Who Are Their Memebers2301 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is a gang? What is the difference between a gang and a peer group? How can a gang member be defined? These are three very common and difficult questions to answer within all disciplines. The most common discipline to address gangs, their members, and their activities is criminal justice which includes local, state, and federal law enforcement. The problem arises when these three jurisdictions and many others attempt to agree on one definition of a gang, which has proven to be a daunting taskRead MoreTheories of Crime Comparison1157 Words   |  5 Pagesthat people commit crimes for several different reasons. Some say that criminals are born; some say that it is because of self gratification and the need to be rewarded. Theorists believe that there is a psychological, biological, and sociobiological theory that will explain the genuine thought, behavior, and action of the common criminal. This paper will contain i nformation regarding the relationship between personality and criminal behavior; the key elements of the psychological theory, and theRead MoreEvaluation Of An Individual s History And Early Life Span Phases Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesSampson Laub (1993) focus on how delinquency arises in specific life span phases. They examine what they call â€Å"the stages of life course.† The examination of an individual’s history and early life gives rise to the reasons behind their engagement in delinquency. Furthermore, the theory explicitly explains why some individuals are more prone to pursue the criminal life than others. The phases of the life span include the onset, continuance, escalation/de-escalation, and desistance. The onset phaseRead MoreThe Sociological Theory Of A Gang Membership And Gang Violence1615 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years gang membership and gang violence have increased. Why are the youth in America turning to gangs and why has violence increased within the gangs? Is it based on their socioeconomic status within their neighborhood? Is it the need to belong? Is it the need to establish who is in control of the neighborhood? Or is it the lack of good parental role models within the home? The sociological theory that I’m basing my research on is functionalism. Functionalism is a framework that definesRead MoreThe Role Of Gangs On The Criminal Justice System1587 Words   |  7 PagesBrendan O’Callaghan 2/24/16 Juvenile Justice Gangs Assessed Juveniles’ participation in gangs is an ongoing issue continuing to face the Unites States of America’s criminal justice system in modern society. The first active gangs to appear within Western society were inscribed by a respected chronicler of crime in Britain 1873. Gangs first emerged into American society around 1783 as the American Revolution drew to a close. More serious street gangs, however, did not surface until the early partRead MoreRap Music And Hip Hop1560 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Gangsta rap† has been around since the late 1980s, and has been categorized as a specific type of hip hop. Reflecting the violent lifestyles of many black American youths living within the inner cities of the West and East coast, gangsta rap became a voice. The genre reflected on and spoke about the harsh realities of what life for a black person during the 1980s. One of the most prominent rap names during this era that became the voice for many people throughout the nation was the N.W.A (NiggazRead MorePulp Fiction - a Sociological Debate1412 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyses of society and culture. Some of the main concepts are Postmodernism, Historical Materialism, Structuralism, Interpretive Sociology and Poststructuralism to name a few. These theories are relevant to the research of understanding certain or specific cultural texts. These concepts provide problems and solutions associated with some of the research approaches fore-mentioned. Analysing the main dimensions will be covered by discussing the appropriate concepts separately and by individually contrastingRead MoreChild Growth and Development1005 Words   |  5 Pagestheir different factors; biology, sociology, genetics, environment, relationships are just a few of them. â€Å"Thank you for making me so wonderful and complex†! (Psalms139:14). When one theory is formulated and used for awhile someone else may come behind that particular theorist and add some new points to expand the theory and then create a new one. That’s why I feel so many different theories exist. I would have to say that my theory is composed of several ideas from several different people

Symbolism And Symbolism Of Everyday Use By F. Scott...

In many novels objects or items are used throughout the story, in other scenarios things like a person’s personality or features can mean more than what they seem. For example, the dove is a symbol of peace. Also a red rose or even the color red stands for romance. This literary technique is called symbolism; symbolism is a form of communication used to convey information through the use of symbols. Often, symbols are embedded in larger images so one must read in-between the lines to better understand a deeper meaning of the symbol. The short story â€Å"Everyday Use† Is a story about a mother who is a strong hard working woman. She has two daughters, Maggie and Dee. Maggie is timid and shy from the scars she bears due to a fire that happened in their previous house. Dee, is spoiled, educated, and is motivated to leave her sister Maggie and her mother. After Dee is finally old enough to leave the house, she ventures in to the reality of the world and completely forgets about her mother and sister. After many years of being away she sends a letter to her mother saying she is coming to visit. She finally came home with a man of her influences. While at home she starts plundering through items in the house until she finds two quilts that have a significant meaning towards Maggie. When Maggie overheard the conversation about Dee wanting to take the quilts, she gave a look to her sister Dee that made her mother realize how long she had been wrong about her daughter all this time. AShow MoreRelated Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors, objects, and gestures as symbols to portray the lack of moral and spiritual values of people and the different aspects of society in the 1920s. One use of symbolism Fitzgerald uses is the green lightRead MoreThe Great Gatsby the Color White: Symbol of Tarnish? Essay examples1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe Color White: Tainted? The color white is oftentimes unanimously associated with purity, hope, and innocence. However, in the Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the color has the deeper meaning of false purity over goodness. With the taboo characteristics that Fitzgeralds white carries, the reader is led to a false sense of security throughout the course of the novel; just how far was this rebel of a writer willing to go to break down borders? It is later found out that the symbol ofRead MoreSymbolism in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1029 Words   |  4 Pages The symbolism of a book can be a great but yet so small as in the form of a color. In the Great Gatsby, minor things have great importance. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald made sure to give great importance to minor details like color and objects. While the theme of the story is that anyone can gain the American Dream the fast or illegal way but always with a consequence, Fitzgerald put great importance into colors and obje cts. With the most common colors of green, white and yellow showingRead MoreAn Analysis Of Ernest Hemingway s The Old Man 1678 Words   |  7 Pagesbooks. He was trying to send us all a message about the struggles of everyday life. He wrote the book with minimal amounts of characters but with many examples of symbolism. The way Hemingway wrote this novel he left it open for interpretation despite his claim that there no hidden messages. Hemingway?s use of symbolism was very evident in this book. Many of us can interpret each symbol differently. Some critics believe his symbolism reflected examples of Christianity while others interpret the symbolsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby- Color Symbolism2136 Words   |  9 Pageshis or her own personality. This idea is depicted through the different characters created in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, set in the post-World War I era. The novel evinces the major themes through the use and explanation of many diverse colors. Jay Gatsby, the most significant character in the story, leads a very materialistic lifestyle. Hoping to gain back his old love, Daisy, Gatsby uses his money to impress her, hopefully leading to their settling down together. Daisys second cousinRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeeming with underlying symbolism and an array of thematic ambivalence, The Great Gatsby prevails today as one of America’s most i conic literary works. Set during the boisterous and seductive period known as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s,† F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly depicts an era whose daring youth strived to acquire the unattainable in pursuit of the popular cultural myth known as the American Dream. However, under closer examination, it becomes evident that the characters in Fitzgerald’s novel are chasingRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay2486 Words   |  10 PagesThe great Gatsby shows an American culture in a certain time period. F. Scott Fitzgerald fits the modernist movement, as he writes about the horrid truth about desire and hope and how the necessity for material gain can destroy the value of life. He focuses on the culture of the twentieth century, including the growing of urbanization using the idea of self-interest through his literature. He describes the modern concept through reflecting on the flourishing middle and upper classes. The great GatsbyRead MoreIde alised love hope and mortality in The Great Gatsby and Sonnets from the Portuguese5394 Words   |  22 PagesElizabeth Barret-Brownings Sonnets from the Portuguese and F. Scott. Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby both reflect, in abstract style and varying contexts and elements, the experience of idealised love, hope and mortality. The elements employed by Barret-Browning and Fitzgerald, differ in their depictions of these themes through various literary devices, two of which are points of view and motifs/symbols. Barret-Brownings sonnet sequence illustrates a complex evolution of emotions as the poetRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2091 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Dream is a philosophy, that â€Å"freedom and independence includes the opportunity for success†(1) and prosperity through hard work. Both in Arthur Miller s Death of a Salesman and F Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the American Dream is a strong theme throughout, as ultimately the protago nists in the novel and play fail to achieve their dream. As a result, the reader is forced to consider whether the American Dream is an unattainable concept or if it is due to personal interpretationRead MoreNick Carraway s Next Door Neighbor2304 Words   |  10 Pagesabout Daisy, and Tom responds by breaking her nose. As the summer passes by, Nick excitingly receives an invitation to one of Gatsby’s legendary parties. He meets Jordan Baker at the party, and they see Gatsby himself, a surprisingly young man who uses an English accent and calls everyone â€Å"old sport.† Gatsby speaks to Jordan alone, and through Jordan, Nick learns more about his mysterious neighbour. Gatsby tells Jordan the deep love he has for Daisy. Gatsby’s expensive lifestyle and wild parties

Causes of the English Civil War Free Essays

Causes of The English Civil War In this assessment I will be analysing the many causes and roots of the English Civil war which broke out in 1642. The English civil war was a long chain of conflict and rivalry, which was set between two very powerful forces, who consisted of The Royalists (King Charles I, and his supporters), and the Roundheads (Parliament, and their supporters). The feud erupted on the 22nd of August 1642, and lasted for 7 years, when its final action took place in 1649. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of the English Civil War or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were many reasons for this intellectual battle, including political arguments, economical arguments and also religious arguments, which will be categorised and stated in this essay. To begin with, one of the fundamental causes of The Civil War includes a religious argument, about James I’s and Charles I’s dedication to the ‘Divine Rights of Kings’. The Divine Rights of Kings was a religious doctrine, which states that a monarch is to have no authority to the will of his/her people, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of only God. James and Charles were both very firm, believers of The Divine Rights of Kings especially that, as to begin with James expected a great amount of attention from Parliament, by letting him make his own decisions, and did not expect any of his decisions to be argued with. However at this time, Parliament consumed a major advantage over James, as parliament contained a great amount of money, whereas James was constantly short of it. It was from his father that Charles acquired to also be a very strong devotee to the Divine Rights of Kings, as he realised the damaged relationship which was left between his father and Parliament, and blamed this action entirely on Parliament. This led to a complete ignorance with the Parliament, from Charles, and set his Godly rights to do as he pleased. But this action was considered a huge shock to Parliament, during this time, as parliament had experienced to be more powerful under the period of the Tudors, and anticipated current Kings and Queens to listen and abide by their commands, just like Elizabeth I had done, by being a succeeding sovereign, listening wisely to the Parliament, and standing by their rules. But the actions of Charles meant that the power of Parliament had been undertaken by the monarch, and their reputation continued to weaken. Because of this parliament now despised Charles very much. All these actions shows that The Divine Rights of Kings is implied as a very significant reason to foundation of the civil war, as it is considered as the main reason for the start of the whole dispute and disagreement between the Royalists and Roundheads. This whole feud continued to develop, as parliament were increasingly getting more frustrated, with the fact that James I and Charles I, were acting even more foolishly upon idiotic decisions they made. An important political reason for this is that both Charles I and James I, thoughtlessly and carelessly, choses the most unhelpful advisors for themselves. James I choose the Duke of Buckingham, for the most idiotic reason; because he was good looking. James thought that the Public would be attracted to this reason, but unfortunately were not, as Buckingham came out to be very stupid and a waste of choice. Charles also foolishly chose his advisor, by selecting his best friend the Earl of Strafford, which was a he mistake as he public hated him, which led to a bad impression on the king. Another action that Gave Charles a bad impression was the amount of money that was wasted by him, by spending a hefty amount on insignificant things, such as cloths, parties and palaces. But this meant that Charles was continuously losing his money, and therefore, always ended up asking Parliament for more money. Charles found other ways to get more money, as he also need money for a war taking place against Spain at the time. One way Charles’s used was asking Parliament to increase taxes, so that he could gain the money he needed, but unfortunately this didn’t happen as Parliament refused to give the money to Charles, as Parliament had a list of demand to get more power off the King. But Charles did not take any of this, as he would not allow his power to be destroyed and taken away by Parliament, and in a terrible rage of anger he made the simple decision to shut down Parliament in 1629 for 11 years, which changed England politically, as it meant that there was now less control over England, to guide its path! making this decisions also lead to consequences, as now that Parliament was gone, he needed to depend another resort to get more money. In 1635, Charles decided made a very important economic decision to resort to the ancient custom of demanding ship money. Ship money was an ancient tax, when kings were able to order coastal towns and villages to pay for the expenses of the navy and ships. However, Charles demanded more ship tax the following year, and intended to ask for it every year. But this gained Charles a vast amount of complaints. Especially when in 1637, a man named John Hampden was prosecuted for refusing to pay ship tax. This made people very angry. And eventually in July 1641 ship tax was abolished. How to cite Causes of the English Civil War, Papers

Salem Meets Dennis the Menace Essay Example For Students

Salem Meets Dennis the Menace Essay Whats the difference between Abigail Williams and Satin? Very little! Abigail turns life around for many innocent citizens of Salem. She took away their freedom and attacked their emotions. Abigail shows many similar qualities to Satin in The Crucible. She certainly rejects God and does what she wants to do regardless of whom it may hurt. Abigail Williams was a menace to society because she destroyed the calm community of Salem through her destructive, sinful acts. Abigail tries to steal Goody Proctors husband John. Abigail makes an attempt to kill Goody Proctor by casting a spell upon her. She had been Goody Proctors servant, but Goody Proctor dismissed her. Abigail turned from God when she cast the spell on Goody Proctor. She drank blood and spoke over a boiling caldron. Abigail also had an affair with John, and she wanted to have John to herself. Abigail was completely engulfed in the idea of spending the rest of her life with John. This would never happen, because John didnt love Abigail. However, Abigail was not willing to let anything stop her in her quest for John. Abigail and the other girls had a dark secret. Abigail was willing to do anything to hide the truth from the world. All the girls were lying the whole time about being bewitched. Abigail was a very controlling person. She was able to use this quality about herself to intimidate the other girls to not confess, but keep acting and lying with her. Abigail showed the other girls by accusing Mary of witchcraft that she could condemn anyone that tried to reveal her secret. Showing the girls that if they werent with Abigail, they were against her, the girls didnt hesitate to listen to whatever Abigail said. With Abigail controlling all the girls, and the girls being the only means of anyone getting convicted of witchcraft, there was no fair justice. If they were accused of witchcraft, they had two options. Their first option was to admit their crime, and then they had to sign a document that declared them a sinner. This document was hung above the church door so that everyone could see. If they decided to not admit their sin, there was no forgiveness. Regardless of who they were, there was no escaping death. Once convicted of witchcraft, and if they didnt confess, they were set in jail to wait for the day that they would be hanged they for their crime. Many innocent people died, and they all had one thing in common, they had Abigail Williams to blame for their lose of life. Abigail Williams was a menace to society because she destroyed the calm community of Salem through her destructive, sinful acts. Everyone in the village looked down upon her by the end of her deceitful acts. It is a shame that no one could have known the truth behind Abigails lies, for they might have been able to warn someone. However, even if anyone had known the whole story of Abigail in the woods with the other girls, it probably wouldnt have helped much. Abigail could have easily turned the tables saying that they had bewitched her. Since there was no hard evidence to convict someone of witch, only the word of the children, there was no avoiding Abigails destruction. The Salem witch trials were doomed to happen, and their destruction was immeasurably harmful.

Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Essay Example

Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Essay Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Author(s): Kathryn Robinson Source: Feminist Review, No. 52, The World Upside Down: Feminisms in the Antipodes (Spring, 1996), pp. 53-68 Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1395773 . Accessed: 31/07/2011 01:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=pal. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [emailprotected] org. Palgrave Macmillan Journals is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Feminist Review. http://www. jstor. org Of Own l We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mail-Order Brides and Boys Own Tales: Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mail-Order Tales: Brides and Boys Representations of Asian-Australian Marriages Kathryn Robinson Abstraet 3 Asiais increasingly entering the Australian into imaginary the nationgrapples as with the issue of Australian identity. This articleexamines two instances in whichtheideaof Asiahasbeentakenup in debates aboutmarriage relations S and between andwomen. Asiais a siteof fantasy menin an erawhenthey  ° men for feelthattraditional valuesof malepre-eminence the familyare beingunderin mined. his fantasy, In Asiais knownthrough stereotypic representations, the z stereotypes underlying nature theresponse thepopular the of in media. ,, Keywords X vl mail-order brides;Gillespiekidnapping; marriage; Australian-Asian relations; Australian identity Stereotypes, however inaccurate, one formof representation. fictions, are Like theyare created serveas substitutions, to standing for what is real in Theyarean invention, pretence one knowswhenthe stepsthatwould a that makerealknowing possible c annotbe taken arenot allowed. bellhooks,1992:341) The mail-order bridehas becomea potentsymbolin Australian representations Asia. Mail-order of bridesis the pejorative image which has come to stand for womenwho are Philippine nationalsmarrying Australians. spiteof the factthatthesewomenrepresent verysmall In a proportion the total immigration of intake,in termsof mediacoverage and publiccontroversy is probably next biggest it the immigration issue afterChineseand Indo-Chinese refugees immigrants and fromMuslim countries. ecentpopular A film,The Adventuresof Priscilla,Queen of the Desert, created character a who encapsulated dimension the one of stereotype: sex-crazed, a manipulative ex-bargirl who had trickeda decent, outback Aussiebattler marrying (Thecharacter a parinto her. is ticularly unpleasant notablyso as the filmdealswith transgressive one, sexualities thatthe central in characters dragqueens. )1 are Whyhas this phenomenon attracted much attentionand generated negative so t he stereotypes? 53 Media eoverage of mail-order brides orientalist readings o in issuebegan appear the revealing newsocial this reports Newspaper of frequency in late 1970s when a trendwas discernible an increased women. The prevailing men Australian and Filipino between marriages media responsewas negative,drawingon powerfulrepresentations Filipinas have discourse. as whichSaid(1978) has identified orientalist as withinthis discourse meek,docile slaves,oriental been constituted but with shadypasts,passiveand manipulable, also grasping beauties The power queues. o usingmarriage jumpimmigration and predatory, tropes: on fromits reliance orientalist of the mediaimagewas derived arbitrary for sensuality, lackof respect the individual, a beauties, steamy such as Mail OrderBridesin Vice exerciseof power. (See headlines Trapin the SydneyMorningHerald(Prior,1987). ) The term mailof storecatalogues, the conup orderconjures imagesof department which commodity on sumerselecting the basisof a n imagea consumer ln y 1S necessarl passlve tne acqulsltlon. . . . . . . f elements fearand we theserepresentations seethecontradictory Within Australian as (1990)has identified characterizing whichHamilton desire in of of imaginings Asia. Theelements desireare easilyrecognizable the beauties aresex slavesto Australian who compliant imageof the luscious with mediadiscussion, Fearis evidentin the oftenhysterical husbands. But of prophecies gloomand doomaboutthesemarriages. 2 the fearis where this also of miscegenation: is not likeotherformsof immigration in Heretheyare introduced the most can the newcomers be ghettoized. ivingbirthto Australian households, remoteregionsinto Australian to analysis relates the transcendence also Desirein Hamiltons children. identity, thiscase,desire in of heart Australian of the fearof the empty of familyvalues,a fearof the bankruptcy our own confor traditional socialforms. temporary bridehas in the of hold this stereotype the mail-order The powerful r evealed thepresscoverage in was consciousness spectacularly Australian eventsat the time of the deathof soap-opera the surrounding real-life in LangHancock 1991. His widow, mining magnate Australian Western bride,or evenmail-order to referred as a Filipino Rose,was constantly par the represented stereotype excellence, marriage The bride. Hancock roughdiamond, to Asianbeautymarried an old Australian a younger elements It forays marriage. drewon powerful into of the survivor earlier rich the of the discourse, factthathe was spectacularly andthatshe was and froma poor background had once workedas his houseallegedly to 1992). Disclaimers the effectthat 1990; Heinrichs, keeper(Shears, had familyin the Philippines she is froma wealthyand well-connected 4 no effecton thepublicdiscussion theissue. TheHancock of case,withits contestation between widowand Hancocks the daughter froma former marriageover considerable wealth (Riley and Humphries,1992), endorsed suspicion the that Filipinas marryAustralians money,not for love,a taken-for-granted of Australian basis marriages. In a bizarreepisode,Rose Hancockappeared the Midday Show on (1992) to refutethe allegations. Part of the interview was conducted froma bathful milk,perhaps an ironiccomment the imageof of as on the sultryexoticbeauty whichshe was refuting. Australia in the region The growthin the number Australian marrying of men Asianwomenis connected the growthin sex tourismin the region,givenan initial to impetus the R R offered US soldiers by to fighting Vietnam, in and boostedin its phenomenal growthby masstourism consequent the on development the wide-bodied Media headlinespromotedan of jet. image of a commercial trade in sex akin to slavery,for example, Marriage Market the SydneyMorningHerald (Brown, in 1980);Sella Visa,BuyA Girlin the Bulletin (Lees,1988). The WeekendAustralian featured Mail-Order Misery: Thebrides tendto comefrompoorand lowermiddle-class backgrounds and to be motivated chiefly economic by factors. Butthereare otherfactors involved somecases,suchas poormarriage in prospects theirown society in becausethey are too old, singlemothersor formerprostitutes. The bottomlinein manymail-order marriages the husbands is inability finda to partner hisownsociety. inability be a result geographic in This can of isolation but oftenit arisesfromnegative personality traits. . . [heis] shunned the by womenof his own society. About5000 mail-order brides in Queenslive land,wheretheymakeup 95 percentof the Filipino migrant community, a muchhigher proportion in otherStates. than (Lowe, citedin Jackson, 1989) The stereotypes encountered the everydaydiscussionof the issue in reflected fundamental a truth: thecurrent in globalsystem, whereindustrialcapitalist countries ourownconsume disproportionate like a amount of wealth,the accident birthmeans thesemenoccupya particular of that locationin the contemporary world as male members a capitalist of metropolis, economically the dominant society. An Australian way of marriage? The newspaper reports focusedon the fact that in manycasesthe men weremeeting theirbrides through introduction agencies whichsometimes 55 operated pen pal clubs. Magazines, as Australian Singles, as such o featured of photographs brief pages and biographies Filipinas of seeking =penpalswitha viewto matrimony: thecharacterization hence of the O mail-order bride. was at a timewhenintroduction This agencies (as 3 well as newspaper columns radioprogrammes up to find and set partners) lesscommon theyaretoday. ere than Hence, hadthe they F stench illegitimacy failing conform whatwasassumed of by to with to s bethenorm marriage of arising of theromantic out attachmenttwo of freeindividuals. A feature themedia of discussion thehint therespective was that partners couldnot achieve theirdesired through end legitimate means. Hence therewas a stresson the characteristicsmenas olderthantheir of brides (old,uglymenwithno currency the market on getting young, beautif ul women practisingkindof hypergamy, is, marrying a that up into a higher status category). omen, contrast, seeking The by in a wayout of poverty marryingforeigner a developed by a from country, wereseento be acting an illegitimate (and on basis practisingkindof a economic hypergamy). apparent This transgression the ideology of of romantic allowed women be branded grasping love the to as opportunists, nothing better thanprostitutes. moresympathetic The version hadthem sexslaves, as forced selltheir to bodies (obviously) in loveless marriages. , The mediadebate drawn has powerfully discourses gender on of in contemporary Australian society. lany themedia In of stories, men the seeking Filipino brides havebeenquoted linking motivation as their to negative feelings about Australian women. example, manfrom For a an agency whicharranges thesemarriages quoted saying, was as many menwanted Asian wivesbecause werefed up withthe demands they Australian women makeandtheirunfaithfulness (Brown , 1980). Here is an alternative discourse: Asianwomen trulyfeminine, the are and Eastis a source traditional of family values. Thisdiscourse holdsa promise family andstable of life marriage canbetapped marrywhich by inganAsian bride. ssumption these The that marriages so evidently are not basedon romantic is a powerful love challenge assumptions to in our own society aboutthe connections between romantic and love marriage. Changing gender relations Australia in Thepower theimage themail-order canalsobe related of of bride to changing gender relations marriage and relations Australia, as in such the large-scale of women the workforce the post-Second entry into in 56 WorldWarera, the introduction the mid-1970sof no-faultdivorce, in limitedstate supportfor womenin the formof singleparentpensions and so on. In contemporary Australiaa significantproportionof marriages breakdownandwomenhavetended retain to controlof their childrenin such cases. Marriageand family relationsare amongst 3 the most hotly debatedissues in the contestation about male-female relations our own society. in Australian womens response the media to reports reflectsthe way the issues take their meaningfrom these tensionsbetweenmen and women. For example,a womanwrote to The Australianaftera Four Corners television programme dealt with these issues, expressing anger at the attitudesexpressed men her by marrles Fllplnas: to . . I stronglyresentthe statementby the Aussiemales,that Australian women had somethingto learn from the subservient Filipinowomen. In my opinion these lazy bastards. . . are not prepared spend any energymakingan Australian to marriage work . . . and so importa meek, obedientslave to be theirwife. (Bacon,1979) Themenarerepresented failures slobswho taketheeasyway out, as and incapable shaping to a red-blooded of up Aussiegirl. Where are the Filipinas in the debate? Suchcomments drawon the presumption womenas a grouphavea that transparent of common set interests, thata (politically so conscious) First World whitewomancan speakfor all women,so thatthe Filipino brides are regarded sisterslettingthe side down. Theydo not take account as of the varyingsituations interests womenwho occupydifferent and of positionsin the global system. The assumed rightof white womento speakforThird World women, assumptions theuniversal the of character of patriarchy the unity of womenspoliticalstrugglehave been and challenged. 4 Thewomenthemselves beenlargely have silenced thesedebates. n There havenot beennumbers highprofilearticles of reporting theirstated on motivations, any consideration broader or of issuessuchas the assumptions underlying marriage the Philippines. 5 is despitethe fact in This that in recentyearsFilipinas haveestablished advocacy organizations to counter stereotype. television the A drama Mail OrderBrideendeavoured to represent theirpoint of vie w. Set againstthe background white of Australian racism a country in town,it revealed contradictory the nature of the way the structural issuesare playedout for individuals, very a sensitiveportrayal which challenges stereotypes, shows their the but power. For example,the wife is rapedby a matewho earlierin the 5i7 o = O 3 F s uw film tells other matesthat all womenfrom the Philippines marrying Australians ex-prostitutes will takehis moneyandrun. In spite are who of the growing feelingbetween manand his wife,we see how these the attitudes awayat himand so, for example, firstassumes she eat he that has beenunfaithful, only recognizes rapewhenhe sees she has and the beenbeaten. The filmalso explores conflictoveruse of the contrathe ceptivepill the wife is a Catholic and differing assumptions about dutyto onesfamily (ABC 1985). TV, Academic research: challenging the stereotypes This mediadebateand the negativeimagesportrayed, especially the negatlvelmages ot Flllplnowomen, led to concernedcommentln academic journals, particular seriesof articlesbeginning 1982 in a in in The AustralianJournal of Social Issues. The firstof these,by David Watkins, university a bureaucrat was himself who married a Filipina, to challenged stereotype the meek,submissive the of beautyby discussing the academicliterature, especiallythe social psychologyliterature. His agenda to disabuse was would-be suitors whoseimages Filipinas, of and hence expectations, were being shaped by the media debates. He countered negativestereotype the with another, womanwho the appeared be compliant to because herfemininity was accomplished of but in the covertexercise power. was askedto writea comment his of I on paper(Robinson, 1982). . . . . . . . . I founda dearth factual of information aboutthe women,and the men seekingthem as partners. The mediareportscited by Watkins were basedon interviews with a few individuals. elevant The government departments the timeImmigration Foreign (at and Affairs) no data had on the women or the marriages, althougha ForeignAffairssocial worker gaveme herpersonal opinionoverthe telephone whichdrewon the prevailing mediadiscourse the ugly,old Australian couldn of who get himself brideand the poor,dumbslave,the Filipina a beauty. Most intriguing a letterto the Sydney Morning Herald froman expert, was the DeputyDirectorof the Marri age Guidance Bureau(see Watkins, 1982). His letterseemedto indicate that thesewomenwerepresenting as a clientgroup. WhenI followed up with the Marriage this Guidance Council, was not so. His letterwas all conjecture, it another projection of the samestereotypes aboutthe dangers cross-cultural of marriage. By the late 1980s a seriesof studieshad beencarried whichaimed out to discoversomething about these womenand their situation, beginningwith Charita Ungsons study(1982). Most took as theirfocusthe powerful stereotype the mail-order of brideand endeavoured rebutit to 5l 8 (see,for example, Cooke,1986; Jackson Flores,1989). One of the and most interesting, basedon an analysis the 1986 census,was suppleof mented a survey Filipinos Australia by of in (Jackson, 1989). Thisstudy demonstrates degree fantasy the of whichunderpins stereotypes. the The picture whichemerges of womenin theirthirties, is average 30 to age 31, marrying Australian men who are, on average,11. 7 years older According the censusfigures,Filipinas to livingin Australia were ten timesmorelikelyto havea tertiary qualification Australian than women in general. The mediadebatehad focusedon the personal qualities of the men marrying Filipinas and the assumed expectations about their brides hencehadbeenlocated theterrain the shifting and in of definitions of genderin our own society. Censusdata revealed that Filipinas in mixed marriage households tend to show a greaterconcentration in miningareas,areaswith unbalanced ratios,regions sex whosecharacter has beencreatedby earlier wavesof migration wheresinglemen have beenselectively recruited cheaplabourfor Australian as industry: Could one not then arguethat the Filipinas prepared live and succeedin to remotecommunities the new heroinesof the outbackand to be are admired (Jackson, [? ] 1989: 180). The generalpicturehe presents, of the demographic socialprofileof the peopleinvolvedin Filipinoand Australian marriages, mirrored findings othercommunity the of surveys (seeUngson,1982; Cooke,1986). In 1987 therewas anotherarticlein the AustralianJournal of Social Issues countering new dimension the mediaimage;the claimthat a to thesemarriages brokedown morefrequently Australian than marriages. An examination FamilyCourtstatistics otherdata enabledthe of and authors conclude therewas no evidence thesemarriages to that that are inherently moreunstable thanthe Australian norm(Chuaet al. 1987). In spiteof the fact that a lot of information come into the public has domainrefuting aspectsof the stereotype, has none the less gained it a powerfulhold. Filipinasliving in Australia reportthat they now feel tarred with the brush, peoples that attitudes reflect assumption the that all Filipinas mail-order are brides, that they fit the stereotype in termsof theirpersonal qualities, theirmotivati ons the negative and view of their partners. They feel malignedand spurnedby the pejorative stereotype. Paradoxically, probablyas a result of media attention,both the Australian Philippines and governments have tightened procedures, up so thatthe smallpercentage meetthrough who mail-order agencies and pen pal clubs is decliningeven further(Payne,1990). However,the stereotype not beenrevamped linewiththischange. has in 5g O e Whyhas this stereotype gained such a hold? The issue has resoundedwith meaningsderived from the contestations in contemporaryAustralian society about the nature of male-female with debates which have intersected relations,and the natureof marriage, of relationswith Asia. Constructions genderare signifiabout Australian cant in both ethnic identitiesand their counterpoint,ethnic stereotypes. In a recent article dealing with reportingon Asia, Peter Mares cites an article from the British newspaperthe Independent:Love hotels are spread all over Asia, where the supposed christian ideal of life-long fidelity to ones spouse is replaced by an easy-going, matter-of-fact approach to sex (cited in Mares, 1993). Said (1978) argues that the West portrays the East as an ideal and unchangingabstraction. Orientalismis a way of dealing with the Orient by making statements about it, authorisingviews of it, describingit, by teachingit, settlingit, ruling over it . . . an acceptedgrid for filteringthe Orient into Western (Said,1978:7). LauraNader (1989)extendsher argument consciousness women as a to show how the orientalistgrid is importantin maintaining subordinateclass in both the Orient and the Occident. She stressesthe importanceof the use of comparisonin genderconstruction. Critiqueof of the other may be an instrument control when the comparisonasserts a position of superiority'(Nader, 1989:234). That is, while it may be bad here it is worse somewhere else, for example, in the Orient. So images of women in other societiesreinforcenorms of subordination in our own (Nader, 1989: 347) through the process of constructing Hence the negativestereotypesof women in other positionalsuperiority. iscourse. The culturesare significantin both orientalistand patriarchal positional superiorityof Westernwomen as symbolic of the positional of superiority the West is a deeply ingrainedidea (Nader,1989:329). The particularconstructionof the mail-orderbride, the sensual sex slave, and the counterview of the oriental bride as the salvation of traditional family values, can be understood as constructionsof the other in the Australianquest for identity. The negativestereotypewhich is the prevailingone relates both to issues of female subordinationin of our own society and to the ideologicaljustification our position as an affluentcountryin a region of the world wherepovertyis still the norm. o e z 2, TheGillespiecase a battle of images We can develop the idea of understandingthe representationsof Asians in marriagesto Australiansas being instancesof orientalistand patriarchal readings by looking at another recent media issue, the Gillespie case, which was also about tensions in the constitution of 6C D context. The Gillespie case confamilies, heightened a cross-cultural in married a Malaysian, the to and cernedan Australian womanformerly of between Australian the caseemerged against background tensions the and Malaysiangovernmentover the television series Embassy, a veiled classicallyorientalisttext with easternpotentates,submissive lurkingbeneaththe surface women,and politicaland sexualdisorder had nobletitle, and (see Mitchell, 1993). The ex-husband a Malaysian media as the prince. was consistently referred in the Australian to his from In July 1992 he was reported havekidnapped two children to their Australian other who had custody during an access visit. The headlineMalaysianPrinceVanishesWith Two Little Aussies 1992: 1). Kidnappings appeared the SydneyMorningHerald (Hewett, in bornparent occurso frequently that of children an estranged by foreign on the Australian government tightenedup restrictions parents has this of takingchildren overseas. no othercaseshaveattracted degree But publ icity. cast. Mrs Gillespie The earliestpress reportswere in an orientalist backbecause Islamic expressed fearsaboutnot gettingthe children her law will be biased against her. Invokingher alleged sentenceof (Jacqueline six strokesof the cane for leavingthe prince,Mr Gillespie Gillespies secondhusband) said,formy wife, livingin a fundamentalist Islamic societyas a member a royalfamilywas likegoingbackthree of and (Hewett, 1992). hundred years. It was verybrutal repressive the within On 16 JulyMr Gillespie claimed princewouldbe regarded as the fundamentalist Islamcommunity a hero, rescuinghis children were veryadeptat fromthe infidels (Cornwall, 1992a). The Gillespies promoting these orientalist imagesin the mediain the serviceof their of cause. Theprince challenged storyof the six strokes the caneand the had as The criticized fact thathis children beenbaptized Christians. the as Malaysian minister law was reported sayingthat underMalaysian custody because hadconverted she to law MrsGillespie surrendered had interview, representative a Christianity (Cornwall, 1992b). In a television of the Malaysian government askedaboutthe case- the interviewer was (Jana Wendt) focusing the six strokesof the canestory- and about on invokinga negativeand threatening the threatof femalecircumcision, imageof Islam. The orientalist imageswere used to greateffectiveness 1992 issueof the by Mrs Gillespie puttingher case. The September in EveryWomans Australian WomansWeeklyhad the coverline Living Gillespie, WorstNightmare emblazoned acrossa pictureof Jacqueline of in holdinga childstoy, with framedphotographs the children the background. The interviewwith JacquelineGillespiewas a classic and (Duncan, 1992) orientalist aboutharems, text beatings sexualcruelty s1 O o zeo O 3 As in the representation mail-order of brides, images thoseof a the are sensual orientin whichwomenhavea subordinate position oddswith at the elevated positionof western women:the harem,violentoppression of women,andso on. Againwe saw the imageof the olderman(in this case, the Asian) marrying younger(Eurasian-Australian) the woman. Thereare sharedimageswith manyof the Filipino stories- of forced and/orviolentsex andpolygamy Lowe,1988:3; Taylor, (see 1990:18). The return of a fathers right? However, therewas another element the mediacoverage; manyof of in the stories,the assertion the fathers of rightwas a dominant image. It resonated with debates aboutmensrightsand theirchildren, of one the issuesfor the contemporary mensmovement. example, ABC For an programme featured exclusive an interview with the princebackhome in Malaysia. He was given a sympathetic hearing,at one stage the interviewer asking,is thatyourchildren can hearin the background I theysoundjustlike mine'(Law Report, 1992). At aboutthe sametime the ABCalso hostedan AustraliaTalksBack (1992)programme, where listeners were invitedto telephone with theiropinionson the Gillespie case,explicitly linking controversial to the ongoingcritique the issue of the FamilyCourt,by men who felt it had takenaway theirrightsto theirchildren. This had the overtones a cautionary Thiscould of tale: happento you, girls, if you arentmore considerate mensrights. of Therewas the juxtaposition storiesin The Australian,linkingthe of kidnapping issuesof custody men(Fife-Yeomans, to for 1993). InOctober 1993, the princewroteto WeekendAustralian,linkinghis case to that of othermen treated badlyby the Family Court,thanking the all Australian fathers who have beensupportive his case (Shah,1993). of TheABCRadioNews (1993)broadcast as sayinghe hadbeenconhim tactedby manyAustralians dissatisfied the Family with Court. ) When the princere-emerged Malaysia,there were happy family in picturesof him with the childrenin newspapers and on tel evision (Harris,1992; Gleick,1993). Somenewspapers recounted heroic the effortsthe princewent throughto reclaimhis children, showingan admiration the military-like for planning his escapeandavoidance of of authority (see, for example, Connolly, 1992;Wright,1992b). Through suchrepresentations, princewas rescued the fromthe orientalist stereotype:the loving father,the wily strategist overcoming odds to be all reunited his children. with 62t Theprince consistently givena voice,for example, the radio has been in interview referred above,but particularly the earlypartof 1993, to in y following announcement an whenthe issueagainhit newsheadlines from that the Australian government they would seek his extradition Malaysia(Stewart al. , 1993). This secondroundshowedboth sides et on images the partof adeptly exploiting mediain termsof orientalist the imageson the partof the prince. In an the Gillespies, occidentalist and was interview the SydneyMorningHerald,the prince askedaboutthe in childrens relations with his secondwife. H e repliedthat he had been and took to her stepmother, when amazed how quickly daughter at his givesme this kindof he askedher why,she said:Nobodyin Australia attention. s therewhen I got [sic] to bed, at homewhen I come She 1993:23). homefromschool'(Harris, Sixty Minutes. on programme The princewas interviewed the television wherehe brokehis ex-wifes He was askedaboutthe allegedincident correctly, she nosewith a coat hanger because had not hunghis trousers The in and which had been reported the WomensWeekly interview. In the denialof the incident. discussing princes answerwas an indirect who sociologyclass,the only student programme an introductory with reported as saying,YesI did hit her, him had watched programme the It but I was withinmy rightsas thatis our custom. eemsthe students influenced (in this case)the orientalist by hearing moreprofoundly was said. stereotype it was by whatwas actually than was with TheSixty Minutesinterview introduced a claimthatthe prince his to had no t had sufficient opportunity put his case,and stressed right to be heard(Sixty Minutes, 1993). Thisis a rightwhichhas neverbeen reclaiming his The father stressed mail-order for brides. sentimentalized as rightswas not subjectto the same disapprobation the mail-order So the or motives. hereas bridemarrying economic otherspurious for the Filipinabridesare demonized, princevery quicklyturnedfrom a his to demonwho had kidnapped children take thembackto a life of into tyrannyand Islamicfundamentalism a kind of BoysOwn hero reclaiming rights a father. his as Conclusion of in Both of the cases discussed this articlerelateto the complexity heterosexual marriage and familyrelationsas they are revealedin a relations. cross-cultural context. Whatis at stakeis a view of conjugal of the case Thediscourse surrounding Gillespie is revealing the discourse aboutFilipinas. he identifies marriage In The Sexual Contract (1988), CarolPateman found in contemporary contractas criticalto the form of patri archy two freeand capitalist societies. Ratherthan beinga contractbetween 63 equalindividuals, argues is themodethrough she it whichthecommunity of menregulate theiraccessto women. Thisfraternal of patriarchy form or brother rightin herviewsuperseded olderformof patriarchy an or ON fatherright which was characteristic societieswhose fundamental of 3 socialformwas basedon relations status,not contract. nalysis of Her is instructive the understanding the issuesof the reasonfor the for of F differing representations the mail-order of brideon the one hand,and E the prince, BoysOwnhero,on the other. the o zeh O Welivein an erawhere marriage beingredefined, partin response is in to the changingsocial role of women, and specificfeministdemands. Changes such as no-faultdivorce,womensentryinto the workforce, and (notionally) equalpay,are undermining manyof the underpinnings of marriage a patriarchal as institution. The prevailing stereotype of Filipinas mainlynegative the ountervailing is b ut discourse, stereothe type of the Asianwomanas a repository traditional of familyvalues, can be understood termsof debates in aboutrelations between and men womenin our own society. The censorious tone towardsthe parties involved Australian/Filipina in marriages indicates the phenomenon that is seento represent undermining thedominant an of myths oursociety in aboutsexualattraction romantic and love as the appropriate basisfor marriage. 6 Pateman not dealwiththeemotional does aspects marriage romantic of love, sexualattraction, parents feelingsfor children, However, etc. s RobertaHamilton(1978) exploresin her work, notionsof romantic lovehavebeencritical the formulation contemporary to of constructs of marriage. argues as production She that increasingly became located outsidethehome,lovebecame elevated thechiefideological as underpinning of marriage. Hencewe can readsomeof the hostility the mail-order to brideas the challenge such arrangements to the ideological pose construction marriage a lovematch. of as Muchof the negative publicity aboutno-faultdivorceand the Family Courthas focusedon the issuesof mensrightsto theirchildren. The prince represented bothpositive negative is in and readings his actions of as the bearer a culture of whichenforces stronger a notionof father right thanour own. In thisinstance Islamic Malaysia becomes site of desire a for menwho see the erosionof theirrightsto theirchildren through a weakening the powerof the marriage of contract centralto fraternal formsof patriarchy. Thedebate aboutfamily relations whichengage withtheother to be has understood onlyin termsof orientalist not construction the other, of but also in termsof patriarchal constructions the heartof the constitution at 64 W of ourselves andtherein its power. ies Thuswe cansee the connections mail-order betweenthe seemingly disparate imagesof the subjugated brideand the heroic princeassertinghis right as a father. Asia is of constituted a site in our imaginary as wherethe tensions traumas and our own rapidly changing worldbecome playedout. The subtextin the = Filipino brides debateis, women herehavegot it good;in t he Gillespie c. caseit is, males herecan haveit bewer. vb Notes of Kathryn Robinson a SeniorResearch is Fellowin the Department Anthropology,Research School of PacificStudiesand Asian Studiesat Australian with NationalUniversity, Canberra. esearch beenconcerned issuesof Her has of development Indonesia, particular effects the development a multiin in the of nationalowned nickelmine. Her most recentwritingsfocus on authorized modelsof femininity, including promotion contraceptive Her work the of use. nations) takesas its starting pointrelations between Australia otherwealthy (and andthe AsiaPacific region. 1 Theimage forcenot justin thepopular has media. recent A DavidWilliamson his play,Money and Friendscontained joke aboutthe manwho divorced a expensive Australian wife, got anotherfrom the Philippines was now and copingwith her desireto bringher familyto live with him. In her book put The Sexual Contract,Carole Pateman comments, Wives no longer up are by for auction Australia, in Britain the U. S. buttheycan be bought mailand order fromthe Philippines (1988:190). of 2 In recent yearstherehavebeensomewell-publicized violentincidents wife husbashing murder, and whereFilipinas havebeenthe victims Australian of such bands. Thesecaseshavealso beenreported a manner in whichimplies than these violence morelikelyto be a feature thesemarriages, is of rather proportion marriages exhibiting violence the whichis a feature a significant of of all Australian marriages for example, (see, Dempsey, 1991;Dibben,1995). The negative representation Rose Hancock of was so strongthat the (then) of RaceRelations Commissioner, Moss,criticized mediainvocation Irene the received little the stereotype the mail-order of bride, although comments her attention fromthe media. 4 For example, debatesin Spare Rib, AustralianFeministStudies and on the ComingOut Stow. 5 Thereis an exp ectation marriages be arranged, thatin the case that will and of arranged marriages, parentshave a responsibility duty to consider and ideology economic issueswhichin our societyareobfuscated the powerful by of romantic love. i5 6! @ s  ° , In Southeast therearetraditions romantic andsexualpassion, Asia of love for example,in courtchronicles the Mababtaratain Indonesia. like However, untilrecenttimesit was not usuallyassumed that this was an appropriate basisfor marriage. Marriage arranged was between families the bride the of and groom,with an eye to constituting successful household; was a new it assumed desireand passionwoulddevelopbetween husband wife after and thewedding. z . References l ABC RADIO (1993)Newsbroadcast, RadioNational October. 18 ABC TV (1985)Mail OrderBride,27 October. AGE, THE (1992a) Fortune forgedin iron (Obituary LangleyGeorge for 16 Hancock 1909-1992), March: 28 21. (1992b)Hancock be buried thehatchet not,4 April: may but is 5. AUSTRALIA TALKS BACK (199 2) TheGillespie case,Talkback programme, ABCRadioNational, August. 4 AUSTRALL4N (1983)Mail order mismatches, Editorial, January: S 6. BACON, C. (1979)Letter theEditor, to Australian, 4 October: 8. BOER, C. (1988)Are You Looking Fora Filipino Wik8: A Study of Filipina Australian Marriages A Research Project the Anglican of General SynodSocial Responsibilities Commission the International and Affairs Commission, Sydney: General Synod Office. BROWN,M. 1980)Growth theFilipino in marriage market spectacular Sydney Morning Herald, 3 September: 10. CADZOW, (1982)Whysomebrides tearful J. are Australian, 17 March: 9. CHIO-NUNEZ, (1988)A Study of tte General Settlement Status of tte Filipino J. Immigrant Women in New South Wales (February): 1-33. CHUA, F. et al. (1987)DoesAustralia havea Filipina brides problem? Australian Journal of Social Issues Vol. 22, No. 4: 573-83. CONNOLLY, (1992)Boldkidnap A. dashDaily Mirror, 9 October: 7. COOKE, M. (1986)Australian-Filipino F. marriages the 1980s:t hemythand in thereality, Viviani in (1986). CORNWALL, (1992a) D. Govtoffers to Australian aid mother Sydney Morning Herald, 16 July: 5. (1992b)Govthas deserted children familySydney Morning Herald, 22 July: 3. DEBELLE, (1993)Prince escape P. of Newcastle Herald, 9 January: and 39. 1 DEMPSEY, (1991) Filipino S. brides: elevenkilledin Australia Herald, Sun 14 July:12-13. DIBBEN,K. (1995) Murder mail-order by Sunday Mail, 26 February: 95. 66, DUNCAN, S. (1992) WhyI had to escapemy life with a prince Australian Womens Weekly, September: 8-11, 49. s w_tYT x _S 4 n s * 14 * | . . . FIFE-YEOMANS, (1993) Childabduction easy,says judgeAustralian, J. too 8 July:4. GLEICK, (1993) WhyI stolemychildren E. WHO Weekly, May:28-35. 24 GROSSBERG, NELSON,C. andTREICHLER, A. (1992) CulturalStudies L. , P. ; z = New York: Routledge. HAMILTON,A. (1990) Fearand desire: Aborigines, Asiansand the national imaginary AustralianPerceptionsOfAsia: AustralianCulturalHistory No. 9: 14-35. HAMILTON,R. (1978) The LiberationOfWomen:A Study OfPatriarcby and Capitalism, London, Boston: Allen Unwin. HARRIS,M. (1992) Thecourtorder thatled to a kidnapping SydneyMorning Herald,3 August: and4. (1993) A besiegedprincedefendshis cause Sydney Morning Herald, 15 May:23. HEINRICHS,P. (1992) The revenge the WestTSe Sunday Age, S April: of m 1, 4. HENRY,S. andPORTER,J. (1992) Child abduction prince pleadsfor fairgo Australian, July:3. 28 HEWEll, T. (1992) Malaysian prince vanishes with two littleAussies Sydney MorningHerald, 14 July: 1. HOOKS, bell (1992) Representing whitenessin the black imaginat ion, in Grossberg al. (1992). et HUMPHRES, D. (1993) Lawbreaks hearts wontbendWeekendAustrabut lian, 22-23 May:1. HUMPHRIES, LIGHT,D. andRILEY, (1992) Hancock D. M. denied dying his wishfor dignity Age, 4 April: TWe 1. JACKSON, R. T. (1989) Filipino migration Australia: imageand a to the geographers dissent AustralianGeograpticalStudiesVol. 27, No. 2. JACKSON,R. T. andFLORES, R. (1989) No Filipinosin Manilla:A Studyof E. FilipinoMigrantsin AustraliaTownsville: JamesCook University. LAWREPORT(1992) Interviewwith PrinceBahrinShah. ABC Radio National, 28 July. LEES,C. (1988) Sell a visa, buy a girl TWe Bulletin,13 September: 46-8. LOWE,B. (1988) Mail-ordermisery WeekendAustralian,25-6 June (Supplementary): 3. MARES,P. 1993) Asia:a many-splendoured thing24 Hours April:35-7, 41. MIDDAY SHOW (1992) John Mangosinterview with Rose Hancock,Channel9, 13 May. A41GRATION (1988) Filipinas Australia myth and realityApril:10-13. in Nll 1 tLL, 1. 1 88t Wrlentallsm ln Kagaan: emoassys lmaglnatlve ge ographyMeanjinVol. 52, No. 2: 265-76. NADER, L. (1989) Orientalism,occidentalismand the control of women CulturalDynamicsVol. 2, No. 3: 323-55. PATEMAN, (1988) Tbe Sexual ContractCambridge: C. Polity. PAYNE, (1990) Banon mail-order-bride J. businesses welcomedMigration79, June/July: 3. 6i7 W s e Sydney Morning PRIOR,N. (1987)Mail order brides vicetrap,study in finds Herald, 9 November. but RILEY, andHUMPHREYS, (1992)Lang M. D. Hancock buried feudlives on Sydney Morning Herald, 3 April: 2. A ROBINSON,K. (1982)Filipino brides: slaves marriage or partners? comment Australian Journal of Social Issues Vol. 17, No. 2: 166-70. SAID, Edward (1978)Orientalism New York: Pantheon.  ° , z ^2 SHAH,RajaBahrin(1993) My case for all, Letterto the EditorWeekend 16-17 October: 16. SHEARS, (1990) A rose colouredspectacle R. Australian Womens Weekly, August: 10-13. ith SlXTY MES (1993) Theprincespeaksout, Ray Martininterview RajaBahrin Shah, Channel 16 September. 9, prince STEWART, HENRY, and GUNN, M. (1993)Gillespie C. , S. abduction: sought Weekend Australian, 8-9 May:1-2. 18. TAYLOR, (1990)Filipino T. women luredby ruseThe Age, 6 April: UNGSON,C. (1982) A Bride for All Reasons: Report on a Pilot Survey of Affairs. Filipino Brides Melbourne: Department Immigration Ethnic of and 1-65. VIVIANI, (1986)editor, N. Australia-Asia Papers No. 37, December: WALL, R. (1983)Filipino D. brides: slavesor marriage partners? A further comment Australian Journal of Social Issues Vol. 8, No. 1: 217-20. Australian WATKINS, (1982) Filipino D. brides: slavesor marriage partners? Journal of Social Issues Vol. 17, No. 1: 73-84. Australian (1983)Filipino brides revisited a replyto Robinson Wall and Journal of Social Issues Vol. 18, No. 1, 221-2. WHOWEEKLY (1994)A royaltugof love,3 January. WILLIAMS, (1987) Looking a long-nose L. for husband Sydney Morning Herald, 5 August. WRIGHT,T. (1992a)Abductor prince: the will of GodSydney Morning its Herald, 27 July:1 and7. (1992b)How princefooled our coast patrolSydney Morning Herald, 30 July:1 and6. Australian, 68

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The Sacrifice of Isaac - Essay Example I wanted to argue with God, bargain with Him if possible. However, images of my years of pilgrimage on this earth flashed before my eyes like they just happened a few days ago. I remembered the very first day God spoke to me telling me to leave my people, my father’s household and go to a place He was to show me, a place I never saw and did not know what to expect. This begun my long journey and the adventures God set for me to enjoy and the lessons I was to pick along the way. I saw myself using my wife as my protection to my flesh and life against the Egyptians as we went there because of a famine we experienced along the way. I was afraid that Pharaoh might envy me because my wife was exceedingly beautiful even as she was getting old, might kill me and take Sarai as his own. Although she was my half sister, I asked her to reveal only that information and not tell them that she was also my wife. Although God did not speak directly to me that time that what I did was wrong, He showed me this by inflicting diseases on Pharaoh and his households. I know now that He wanted me to put my trust totally on Him and so as if doing a replay on this account, God allowed us to move to Gerar where the people were godless and again I feared for my life more than what God could do to me. This time, God spoke to Abimelech who took Sarai as his wife and instructed him to return my love to me. How gracious God has been with me during those years I figured He was not able t o protect me. There have been more miracles God performed in my life only to show me that He can do anything for me but I wish to tell most importantly of the miracle about my son who was born when me and my wife were already likened to a dead tree. Isaac was promised to us long before he was born however, when we were getting older and my wife was not yet conceiving, we thought God might have meant us to

Management class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management class - Essay Example It is good that the people behind Merck have contributed a lot of their time and effort in searching for an effective drug that could treat onchocerciasis. Without the researchers and innovators behind Merck, a lot of less fortunate African people that lives in nearby rivers and works in the farm would still suffer from the said epidemic disease. Many of them would still go through the process of losing their eyesight and develop some uncontrollable itching, swelling, and thickening of the skin. (Salaam, 2002) If only Merck uses alternative methods such as ‘microdosing’ in new drugs experiments (Rowland, 2006) instead of using animals on their experiment, the result of the company’s success in developing Mectizan ® would have been so much better for all of us. When Vioxx ® was subjected to pre-clinical and clinical data, the drug was found out to have side effects particularly on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal safety of the users. (Martin, 2006a) Despite knowing the harmful effects of Vioxx ®, the company decided to continue the selling of the drugs. In fact, the company collaborated with the FDA not to include the NSAID-class gastrointestinal warning on its label but instead, to modify it. (Martin, 2006a) As early as 1997, questions about the cardiovascular safety of Vioxx ® have been raised. (Martin, 2006b) Since Merck has modified the warning label on Vioxx ®, a lot of consumers were not provided with a more solid warning with regards to the use of the product. It was only in September 30, 2004 when the company formally declared the voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx ® from the market. (Kim, n.d.) Approximately four years after a numerous incidence of cardiovascular problems and a lawsuit against Merck were reported to be cause by the use of the drug. (CNN Money, 2004; Berenson, 2005) It is advisable for consumers to study carefully the possible side effects of the drugs they are planning to intake. Promotion of drugs can

Midterm exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Midterm exam - Essay Example It is on this account that men will use their positions and wealth to influence vulnerable women to have sex with them, only to abandon them later once they have satisfied their lust regardless of the consequences of their actions, which may include unplanned pregnancies. As such, allowing abortion becomes a key element towards protecting poor women from becoming single parents without intent as well as reducing poverty and street crime. A child deserves to have a better life i.e. access to quality education, healthcare, good nutrition among other basic necessities such as shelter and clothing. Apparently, a poor mother, who cannot even sustain herself, has nothing to offer her child and this implies that families built on this sort of foundation eventually has a high probability of becoming a liability to the society and the government at large. In fact, these are the people who unfortunately end up in the streets begging for assistance as well as conducting heinous acts such as pro stitution and robbery. In this light, abortion enables one to exercise her right to decide on the best time to become a parent, when she has accumulated all the necessary courage and economic stability to sustain herself as well as her offspring (Heary 22). Most of the societies set considerably high moral standards, which prohibit fornication alongside other irresponsible sexual behaviors such as prostitution and adultery. For example, the church has always advocated for celibacy as a natural method of solving dilemmas such as HIV/AIDS among other sex related issues (Beckwith 108). This has influenced greatly the way the society perceives those unfortunate persons who intentionally or otherwise find themselves in these predicaments such as pregnancies out of wedlock. These people are discriminated against as they are perceived to be immoral and therefore, a shame to the society and the families which they come from. Some of the societies will even exclude them from their affairs fo r it will be apparent that they are a bad influence and bad examples to their age mates as well as the generation below them. To avoid all this, it would be of great significance to abort the child in order to maintain the level of standards expected by the society, by concealing sexual involvement. Abortion is also a way of controlling high population growth. In this case, it would be necessary to point out that I come from China, a country which is categorized as one with the highest population, of approximately 1.3 billion people, and which is expected to rise to approximately 1.6 billion people by the year 2025 (Beckwith 109). Due to this, the country has set up a one child policy, in order to slow down the rate of births. However, it has been noticed that there are those who fail to observe this policy, and goes ahead to have more than one child, especially in the rural areas, where analysts indicate that there is the culture whereby couples prefer the birth of boys as opposed to girls, mainly due to inheritance issues. In this context, if the first child is a girl, the parents cannot rest there for they will definitely have no heirs to their property and therefore, they have to bear more children until that time when a baby boy is born. It has been noted that such couples usually lie during census so as to protect themselves from facing the

Family Are Involved In The Care Decision Process Nursing Essay

Family Are Involved In The Care Decision Process Nursing Essay According to Eilbert Lafronza Partnerships comprise of a social system or individual based agreement between participating organizations to collaborate on a common goal in which benefits and risks, as well as resources and power are shared fairly. Patients and families cannot entirely be involved in the care decision process unless they have established a solid partnership between their health care providers i.e Doctors, Nurses, General practitioners etc . (McQueen :2000).2 Some of the way that patients and their families can be involved in the care decision process is by making informed decisions on: Whether the patient wants treatment or not: Selinger (2009)3 states that the patient has every right to make an informed decision on the right to determine what investigations and treatments to undergo, and this decision must be respected by all doctors, nurses and caregivers. Whether the patient wants to complete a Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) form or not: Healthcare professionals have an important role in helping patients to participate in making appropriate plans for their future care in a sensitive but realistic manner, making clear whether or not attempted CPR could be successful. Helping patients to reach a clear decision about their wishes in respect of CPR should be regarded as a marker of good practice in any healthcare setting (British Medical Association (BMA), the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) : 2007)4 And finally, what right the patient has to be involved in decisions about their medication. The National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care( 2009)5 states that patients have a right to be involved in decisions about medicines to the extent that they wish and it is the role of health professionals to facilitate and support patients in their involvement in decision-making and to support patients in taking medicine if the decision has been to prescribe. Patient and family partnerships are very important in the care decision process because without them numerous problems may arise. Some of which are: self-discharge, readmission, deterioration of condition and death. (Smith and Hider: 2009)6 According to Gott et al. (2000)7 successful patient partnerships are those in which the patient and healthcare practitioner meet as equals with different expertise. The doctor or nurse has the medical knowledge and skill, but the patient has personal knowledge and skill. This is useful because it provides two different perspectives which in turn will provide the best outcome for both the patient and the healthcare provider. For the most part, patient and family involvement is beneficial to the care process because the patient knows their own condition the best and if we assume that they are close to their family and share their struggle with managing their condition/disease with them then they too know what the patients condition well. Anderson and Funnell (2009)8 state that patient and family involvement in care decisions revolve mostly around decision making and empowerment. Patient involvement in decision-making is now generally regarded as a feature of good quality health care. Many health professionals, institutes and government policies such as the Department of Health (2007)9 now advocate that patients should be involved in some way in decisions about their health care. According to the RCN (2003)10 empowering patients is a central element of nursing care, by forming a solid patient- nurse partnership, and encouraging the patient and their family to be part of the decision making process, this allows the patient to feel empowered and in control of various aspects concerning their health. However according to a study carried out by Dickerson (2004)11 shows that although patient and family involvement is crucial in care decisions, various authors might argue that a lot of patients search for and find information/new treatments about their illness/ condition on non-credible sources such as the internet, magazines and social media and believe that whichever fact or new never trialled before treatment they read or hear about might be a diagnosis to their symptoms or a solution to their illness. The study showed that many patients (50%) relied on friends and family to navigate the Web, and most of patients reported that the information that they sought was unrelated to their clinical visit. This study shows that although patient and family partnerships are crucial to the care decision process, some patients and their family take the wrong path when seeking information about their condition, this is usually after a clinical encounter for diagnosis and/or reassurance or beca use of dissatisfaction with the amount of detailed information provided by the health professional during the encounter. (Kaimal AJ et al. :2008)12. According to McMullan (2005)13 Health professionals are reacting to the more Internet informed patient in some of the following ways: The health professional either feels threatened by the information the patient brings and responds defensively by asserting their expert opinion (health professional-centred relationship). Or, the health professional and patient collaborate in obtaining and analysing the information (patient-centred relationship) (Pautler et al. : 2001)14. Although the health professional almost always comes to a decision to progress with the latter option, feeling threatened and being defensive about the internet based information being presented to them by the patient and their family is usually the health professionals first reaction. An alternative approach would be for the health professional will guide patients to r eliable health information websites. It is vital that health professionals acknowledge patients search for knowledge, that they discuss the information obtained by patients and guide them to reliable and accurate health websites. It is suggested that courses, such as patient informatics are incorporated in health professionals education (Sommerhalder et al. : 2009)15. The Department of Health (2003)16 states an effective discharge as A process and not an isolated event. It has to be planned for the earliest opportunity across primary, hospital and social services, ensuring that individuals and their carers understand and are able to contribute to care planning decisions as appropriate. Here we see the DOH (2003) describing an effective discharge as one that co-ordinates all of the services needed by the patient in order for the patient to have input on the discharge and for everything to be ready for the patients discharge. Nurses and other health care professionals recognise that planning for patients hospital discharge during the inpatient stay sets the stage for effective and therefore successful self-care management at home. (Nosbusch et al.:2010)17. According to the Wales NHS effective discharge policy document (:2009)18 an effective discharge constitutes of the following 6 principles: Communication when it comes to the transfer of care process, it is important that good communication consists of mutual understanding and having a common language between everyone involved. This requires effective dialogue and sharing of up to date information amongst patients, carers, providers and commissioners. Casey and Wallis (2011)19 state that Nurses and the nursing staff are at the core of the communication process: they assess, record and report on treatment and care and handle information sensitively and confidentially .To establish a healthy nurse- patient relationship, good communication is crucial. As a nurse, building a close rapport with your patient is one of the ways to make your patient feel listened to, understood and involved in their care. Good communication is vital in the process of decision making. Jonsdottir et al. (2004) 20 state that communication skills are one of the most imperative aspects of nursing, considering that nursing always is two-folded with b oth task-oriented and relational aspects. A nurses communication skill is an essential requirement for patient participation in decision making. Communication discrepancies have been recognised as one of the major barriers to partnership building between nurses and patients (Keatinge et al. 2002)21. Good communication in the care decision process is vital In order to achieve a seamless discharge for the nurse, patient, the patients family and all other healthcare practitioners/Multidisciplinary team (MDT) members involved. The NHS Trust Discharge policy (2010)22 states that before planning a discharge, the nurse and other healthcare practitioners must decide and inform the patient and their family on whether it is a simple discharge: one that involves minimal disruption to the patients activities of daily living, does not prevent or hamper a return to their usual place of residence and will not require a substantial change in support offered to the patient or their carer in the comm unity. Or whether it is a Complex Discharge: A discharge process that deviates from the simple discharge pathway and requires complex coordination of services to enable safe discharge. To ensure that the patient and their family is involved in the care decision process of discharge, the nurse and other clinicians must be certain that an effective and well-timed discharge plan is put in place. The main objectives of this will be to plan, inform, liaison and negotiate to ensure a smooth discharge for patients and their families. Supporting this is the need for an early establishment of what the discharge dates might be, including pre-admission planning, effective communication between individuals and across settings, good clinical management plans and the alignment of services to ensure continuity of care(DOH :2010)23. Assuming that it is a simple discharge, once the discharge plan has been put into place and is carefully explained to the patient and their family, the patient can then begin to contribute in the decision making process alongside the nurse and members of the MDT team.( Shepperd et al. :2010)24. Some of the ways a patient can contribute in the decision making process when it comes to discharge is to work alongside the nurse and members of the MDT team in order to inform and help them assess whether the patient can- Obtain and self-administer medications- the patient should inform the nurse and other clinicians (such as pharmacist) on what regular medication they take, what form they prefer their medication: liquidised, dosette boxes etc. How well the patient performs self-care activities, and does the patient eat an appropriate diet or otherwise manage nutritional needs and whether the patient is able to attend any follow-up outpatient appointments (Bull and Roberts: 2001)25. Atwal (:2002)26 states that ensuring that the patient and their family have full involvement in making the above decisions and steps to be discharged from the hospital will gi ve the patient a sense of control and therefore empowerment and in turn guarantee an organized discharge as well as patient satisfaction and the nurse feeling confident that they have done their best for their patient and therefore feel fulfilled in their role as a nurse. It is prominent that a patient must be an active participant in his/her empowerment, signifying that Nurses cannot empower patients: the role is to facilitate and support the empowerment (Laverack :2005)27. .

The Impact of Social Media on Terminally Ill Patients Essay -- commun

1. Introduction Social media is changing the way that doctors and patients communicate. It is reshaping health care with the help of modern technical innovations such as internet connectivity, smart phones, tablets, and desktops. This ranges from patient support groups to instant messaging (Aishwarya, 2012:[sp]). Media usage has evolved over the last few years and research in this field has shown how children’s psychological factors are linked to social media (Heim, et al, 2007:49). These factors suggest that the internet is a powerful communication tool that not only connects children with others but also empowers them by providing a learning environment and social support (Heim, et al, 2007:52-53). A rapid and innovated advance in social media offers numerous opportunities for modifying health behaviour by allowing the users to conduct research, review previous experiences, seek out medical advice, and lets users choose whether they would like to be identified or anonymous. Although there is a considerable potential for these media tools such as, video chat, weblogs and social networks, this media usage, requires careful application with regards to how the information is used, and may not always give the desired results when seeking medical advice or solutions (Korda, Itani, 2013:15). Carleen Hawn (2009:361) explains that across the health care industry, new media tools are changing the way that patients and doctors interact which is why people are adopting this method of using social media for health related issues (Korda, Itani, 2013:15). Bates (2013:[sp]) identifies that animation is an excellent and ingenious way to encourage children to communicate stories, ideas and concepts in a creative and original way. As explained... ...M- WEBSTER. 2014. Support Group. [online]. Available from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/support%20group [Accessed 12/03/2014]. SEIVERS, C. 2012. 20 hospitals with inspiring social media strategies. [online]. Available from: http://www.prdaily.com/Main/Articles/20_hospitals_with_inspiring_social_media_strategie_10655.aspx [Accessed 12/03/2014]. TEXAS, D. Dialysis and Social Networking. 2013. [online]. Available from: http://devontexas.com/2013/03/30/dialysis-and-social-networking/ [Accessed 26/02/2014]. WIENER, L. CRUM, C. GRADY, C. MERCHANT,M. 2012. To Friend or Not to Friend: The Use of Social Media in Clinical Oncology. 8(2), 103-106. ZANNI, G, R. BROWNE III, C, L. Coping with Terminal Illness. 2010. [online]. Available from: http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2010/August2010/CounselingTerminalIllness-0810 [Accessed 28/02/2014].

Guided Reading Essay

Abstract This paper will describe the leveling process and how leveled books fit into the reading classroom. It will also describe how to use tools yourself, to locate lists of leveled books, how the listed levels of a title compare between one you leveled, what the publisher class the level and the guided is reading classroom as a function. The last part of this paper will describe the instructional level of a student previously interview in Module 1. Guided Reading How to use leveling tools yourself Guided reading is an instructional approach that teacher uses when students are reading at the same level of instruction. The teacher selects books from certain reading levels to guide students to make connections from print to the text. The books are easily read with the support of the teacher. Challenges and opportunities for problem solving are offered in the text. Choice selection of the books from the teacher will expand their strategies. The purpose of guided reading is for the teacher to select books that students can read with 90% accuracy. When the story is introduced to the student by the teacher, the students, through their own strategies understand and enjoy the story because it is available to them. Pinnell, (2007) states that guided reading gives students the chance to apply the strategies they already know to new text. The teacher supplies support, but the ultimate goal is independent reading. Readers that have developed some since of print have already gained important understanding of it. If they have encountered a problem in reading they will monitor their own reading and check on themselves while searching for possibilities or alternatives How to locate list of leveled books. In order for the teacher to locate leveled books for their students, the teacher should select the students with similar reading habits and behaviors. These students should experience reading habits and behaviors in the same time frame. The guide lines of the choice of books should be not too easy, yet not too hard, and offers a variety of challenges to help readers become flexible problem solvers (Pinnell, 2007). When choosing a guided reading program or leveled books, the teacher should look for books that are similar to their knowledge, are interesting to them, support them to move to the next step in reading, and give just the right amount of challenge to ensure that problem solving is taking place while supporting fluency and understanding. Leveled book collection is a large set of books organized in levels of difficulty from easy books that an emergent reader might read, to the longer, complex books that advanced readers will select. The leveled books collections may be housed in an area where it is easily accessible. A key component in a guided reading program is the leveled books. The scholastic Guided Reading Program is a varied collection of books that are categorized by the kind and level of challenge they offer children as they are learning to read. The Guided Reading Program consists of 260 books organized into 26 levels of difficulty –Levels A-Z. Many different characteristics of the texts are considered in determining the level of challenge and support a particular book or short story presents (Pinnell, 2007) Some leveled books may consist of the teachers’ working collaborately together to construct leveled books from large collections of books. When teachers have been teaching a long time, they began to acquire the knowledge necessary to know what is easy and what is difficult for their students. When using the books frequently, the teachers will notice that categories of their collections will become more established (Scholastic. com) How the listed levels of a title compare between one you leveled. There are factors and criteria’s for leveling books. There is no distinct characteristic that can be used to evaluate text or reading materials. Some of the factors that are considered when evaluating text are length, layout, structure and organization, illustrations, words, phrases and sentences, literacy features, and content and theme (Scholastics. com). When compared the book that was leveled with the books in Scholastics, it was very close. The formation was based on the factors and criteria’s’ for leveling books. Guided reading classroom, how it functions, its advantages, and its disadvantages. The guided reading classrooms should have an independent reading practice location. This independent practice space should welcome students to a rich environment for reading. Teachers with a good sense of what a rich reading environment consist of will include in the reading practice location pillows or a couch for a feeling of an invitation to read. Students need to feel very comfortable when reading. The library in a guided classroom needs to be complete with rich and exciting literature. Some of the literature that should be included in the library is fiction, nonfiction, fantasy, magazines, current events, and sports and whatever you feel as a teacher that the students will be interested in. Technology is a major component of a guided reading classroom. It services as an independent and small group practice while the teacher is working with students in a small guided reading group. The guided reading groups should consist of four to six students at a time. The sessions for guided reading groups vary depending upon what level of readers you are dealing with. It is often 10-15 minutes for emergent readers, and 15-30 minutes for more advanced readers. Also in a guided reading classroom there should be cross curriculum centers for writing, art, and science which can be done at their desk with very little instruction. This would take very explicit planning on the teacher part. This will allow for the teacher to continue guided reading groups. A teacher-led small-group assessment area should be located in a place where the teacher has total vision of her classroom, but yet in an area where the students that are in the guided reading area can be together so that the skill can be implemented as one. Finally, there should be a designated area where the teacher can teach in a whole group setting. The advantages of a guided reading classroom when the teachers are working with a particular group, is that they can control what is going on in the classroom and ensure that the students are actively engaged at all times. By setting guided reading classrooms up this way, the teacher can take an informal assessment of behaviors whether or not the students are working in centers, at their desk or with the teacher in a guided reading group. The teacher should be taking running records, jotting anecdotal notes, or even conducting oral interviews if time permits. The disadvantages of this guided reading classroom is that it will take a lot of planning time to ensure that the centers all have meaningful activities that will help them read or increase their ability to interact with each other. Most of the time teachers do not have centers that are effective because of the necessary time needed for preparation to ensure an effective guided reading classroom. These guided reading groups should constantly change from week to week to ensure that all students are actively engaged in a differentiated atmosphere. Student from Module 1 This student could fall between emergent literacy and beginning reader because in module 1 the student started finger pointing and looking at the picture to determine the words. Also the student had trouble with the recognition of sight words. The student experienced difficulty with decoding unfamiliar words. This was a 3rd grade student that seemed very happy at home. The student does understand the concepts of print and words. Even thought she had trouble with decoding unfamiliar words, she seems to have phonological awareness. Knowledge of alphabets was noted. Her Independent level was grade 1, Instructional grade 1-2, and Frustration Level is Grade 3. Can this student benefit from a pull-out intervention program that focus on sight words and decoding? Conclusion This paper described the leveling process and how leveled books fit into the reading classroom. It will also described how to use tools yourself, to locate lists of leveled books, how the listed levels of a title compare between one you leveled, what the publisher class the level and the guided is reading classroom as a function. The last part of this paper described the instructional level of a student previously interview in Module 1. References Pinnell, G. S. (2007, Guided Reading Program, Scholastic, Scholastic, Red, New York, NY Scholastic. Com Retrieved September 14, 2009 from http://www2. scholastic. com/browse/article. jsp? id+4177.

Analyzing Guy de Maupassants The Necklace

Analyzing Guy de Maupassant's 'The Necklace' The Necklace is a short story by  19th-century French author Guy de Maupassant, who is regarded as one of the early masters of the short story. Its often studied in English and world literature classes. Maupassant is known for writing about the travails of average people in French society and their efforts to get ahead, often with unhappy results. Read on for a summary and analysis of The Necklace. Characters The story centers on three characters: Mathilde Loisel, Monsieur  Loisel,  and Madame Forestier. Mathilde, the main character, is beautiful and social, and she wants expensive items to match her  sophisticated taste. But she was born into a clerks family and ends up marrying another clerk, so she cant afford the clothing, accessories, and household items that she wants, which makes her unhappy. Monsieur Loisel, Mathildes husband, is a man of simple pleasures who is happy with his life. He loves Mathilde and tries to mitigate her unhappiness by getting her an invitation to a fancy party. Madame Forestier is Mathildes friend. She is wealthy, which makes Mathilde very jealous. Summary Monsieur Loisel presents Mathilde with an invitation to the Ministry of Educations formal party, which he expects will make Mathilde happy because she will be able to mingle with high society. Mathilde is immediately upset, however, because she doesnt have a gown that she believes is nice enough to wear to the event.   Mathildes tears sway Monsieur  Loisel into offering to pay for a new dress despite their money being tight. Mathilde asks for 400 francs. Monsieur Loisel had planned to use the money he had saved on a gun for hunting but agrees to give the money to his wife. Near the date of the party, Mathilde decides to borrow jewelry from Madame Forestier. She picks a diamond necklace from her friends jewelry box.   Mathilde is the belle of the ball. When the night ends and the couple returns home, Mathilde is saddened by the humble state of her life compared with the fairy-tale party. This emotion quickly turns into panic as she realizes she has lost the necklace Madame Forestier lent her. The Loisels search unsuccessfully for the necklace and ultimately decide to replace it without telling Madame Forestier that Mathilde lost the original. They find a similar necklace, but to afford it they go deeply into debt. For the next 10 years, the Loisels live in poverty. Monsieur  Loisel works three jobs and Mathilde does heavy housework until their debts are repaid. But Mathildes beauty has faded from a decade of hardship. One day, Mathilde and Madame Forestier meet on the street. At first, Madame Forestier doesnt recognize Mathilde and is shocked when she realizes it is her. Mathilde explains to Madame Forestier that she lost the necklace, replaced it, and worked for 10 years to pay for the substitute. The story ends with Madame Forestier sadly telling Mathilde that the necklace she had lent her was fake and worth almost nothing. Symbols Given its central role in the short story, the necklace is an important symbol of deception. Mathilde had dressed for the party in expensive clothes and a sparkling but borrowed accessory to briefly escape her humble life by pretending to a station she did not hold. Similarly, the jewelry represents the illusion of wealth in which Madame Forestier and the aristocratic class indulge. While Madame Forestier knew the jewels were fake, she did not tell Mathilde because she enjoyed the illusion of appearing wealthy and generous in lending a seemingly expensive item. People often admire the wealthy, aristocratic class, but sometimes their wealth is an illusion. Theme The short storys theme involves the pitfalls of pride. Mathildes pride in her beauty prompts her to buy an expensive dress and borrow seemingly expensive jewelry, which triggers her downfall. She fed her pride for one night but paid for it over the next 10 years of hardship, which destroyed her beauty. Pride also prevented her friend from acknowledging initially that the necklace was a fake, which would have prevented Mathildes downfall.